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chain of representation

glossary / chain of representation, 连续代表

chain of representation 连续代表(制度) 立遗嘱人的唯一的或唯一活着的遗嘱执行人应为立遗嘱人的当然执行人，只要这种连续代表的关系未被中断，连续代表关系中最后一位执行人是在其前任何一位立遗嘱人的执行人。该连续代表关系因无遗嘱，立遗嘱人未指定遗嘱执行人，或未经遗嘱检验而被中断。但这种连续代表关系不因准许临时性的遗产管理而被中断，如果在此之后进行了遗嘱检验。

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A party’s maintenance of an action on behalf of others with a similar interest, as a class representative does in a class action. See VIRTUAL-REPRESENTATION DOCTRINE. [Cases: Judgment 677; Parties 35.3. C.J.S. Judgments §§ 847, 851–854; Parties § 28.]

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representation by counsel

glossary / representation by counsel, 由律师代表

representation by counsel 〈美〉由律师代表指获得法律上的帮助，尤指在进行民事或刑事诉讼时。被控犯罪时可以获得律师的帮助进行辩护是美国宪法规定的权利。

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taxation and representation

glossary / taxation and representation, 税收和代表相一致的原则

taxation and representation 〈美〉税收和代表相一致的原则美国政府制度的产物，也是美国制宪者的战斗口号。这一原则意味着，宪法必须征得纳税人的同意才能生效。美国宪法规定众议院议员人数与直接税税额应按合众国所辖各州人口之多寡，分配于各州；所征各种关税〔duties〕、进口税〔imports〕与消费税〔excises〕均应全国划一。

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concurrent representation

glossary / concurrent representation

The simultaneous representation of more than one person in the same matter. See CONFLICT OF INTEREST(2).

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fraudulent misrepresentation

glossary / fraudulent misrepresentation

A false statement that is known to be false or is made recklessly — without knowing or caring whether it is true or false — and that is intended to induce a party to detrimentally rely on it. — Also termed fraudulent representation; deceit. [Cases: Fraud 8.]

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false representation

glossary / false representation, 虚假陈述

false representation 虚假陈述普通法上的此种侵权，可以是虚假地陈述事实，也可以是在有义务披露某项重要事实时没有披露。要提起对虚假陈述的损害赔偿诉讼，原告必须在实质上主张并证明以下几点：１陈述已作出；２陈述是虚假的；３被告知道陈述是虚假的或对不知道的事当作真实的来陈述；４原告相信陈述是真实的；５原告信赖该陈述并据此行事；６原告因此受到损害；７损害赔偿金额。(→misrepresentation)

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