socage (sok-ij). Hist. A type of lay tenure in which a tenant held lands in exchange for providing the lord husbandry-related (rather than military) service. • Socage, the great residuary tenure, was any free tenure that did not fall within the definition of knight-service, serjeanty, or frankalmoin. Cf. KNIGHT-SERVICE; VILLEINAGE. “If they [the peasant’s duties] […]
New York law. A guardian for a child who has acquired lands by descent. • A guardian is usu. a relative who could not possibly inherit from the child. This type of guardianship applies to both the person and the property of the child and, historically, lasted only until the child was 14, when the
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Socage in which the services were both certain and honorable. • By the statute 12 Car. 2, ch. 24 (1660), all the tenures by knight-service were, with minor exceptions, converted into free socage. — Also termed free and common socage; liberum socagium.
socage n. (英格兰古法)农役土地保有；既定役土地保有封建土地保有方式之一，以完成每年确定量的农务或交纳一定数量之金钱为条件，它区别于骑士役〔knight service〕土地保有之处在于后者的义务更荣耀体面〔honourable〕，但也更危险、繁重和不确定；区别于自由教役保有〔frankalmoign〕之处则在于它本身是世俗的和确定的，而后者是宗教性的和不确定的。对于农役土地保有，领主不能享有附属于骑士役土地保有上的诸如收取兵役免除税权、对佃户子女及财产的监督监护权、结婚批准权等封建保有附属权〔incident〕。农役土地保有义务的确定性在于这些义务在封赠时就已约定，不像农奴土地保有的义务那样随领主意志的变化而变化。这些义务常表现为效忠〔fealty〕加上定额租金，或是效忠臣服〔fealty-homage〕加上定额租金，或仅是效忠和臣服，或是效忠加上定量的农务等，后来便都转化成了货币地租。由于和骑士役保有及教役土地保有相对，socage一词后来泛指除军役、侍君役〔sergeanty〕、教役保有、农奴土地保有之外，一切义务固定的那些土地保有形式，这些义务可能是一年缴一朵花、一副马刺或是充当刽子手等。农役保有又分为自由农役保有〔free socage; common socage; frank socage; socage〕和贱微农役保有〔villein socage〕，二者以义务内容之性质为别。而肯特郡土地保有〔gavelkind〕和都市土地保有〔burgage tenure〕则是自由农役保有的特殊形式。1672年颁布的一项法律将公簿地产和教役土地保有之外的其它土地保有形式均合并为自由农役保有，而1925年后，农役保有则成为土地保有的唯一方式，所有的封建保有附属权也都被取消。
villein socage (封建法)(英格兰古法)贱微农役保有 所提供之役务虽是低贱的，不适合有身份的人去做，但却是确定的，又被称为特许农奴保有〔privileged villeinage〕，区别于纯粹农奴保有〔pure villeinage〕的地方在于后者的役务不仅低贱而且不确定。 (→socage)
guardian in socage 农役土地保有者的监护人 在普通法中，对不满14岁的未成年人，为照管其人身及所继承的土地而设立的监护人，通常由不能继承此项遗产的近亲属担任。
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