Search Results for: originality

originality

Copyright. 1. The quality or state of being the product of independent creation and having a minimum degree of creativity. • Originality is a requirement for copyright protection. But this is a lesser standard than that of novelty in patent law: to be original, a work does not have to be novel or unique. Cf. […]

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originality

originality n. 独创性 在版权法中,指作品获得版权保护的条件,亦即该作品是由作者独立创作完成的,并且至少具有最低程度的创造性〔creativity〕。美国最高法院在1991年的法伊斯特案〔Feist〕案中认为,「独创性」的宪法性要件中还应包括「创造性」这一独立要件,但这种「创造性的程度是非常低的,甚至只要有一丁点就足矣…」。作为作品保护要件的独创性,不同于专利法中的新颖性〔novelty〕标准。如果两个以上的作品在实体内容上同一,但它们是由各自作者独立创作的,那么就没有理由认为不能存在两个有效的版权。 (→novelty; copyright)

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originality

originality. Copyright. 1. The quality or state of being the product of independent creation and having a minimum degree of creativity. • Originality is a requirement for copyright protection. But this is a lesser standard than that of novelty in patent law: to be original, a work does not have to be novel or unique.

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creativity

Copyright. The degree to which a work displays imaginativeness beyond what a person of very ordi-nary talents might create. • Labor and expense are not elements of creativity; for that reason, they are not protected by copyright. Feist Pubs., Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 111 S.Ct. 1282 (1991). Cf. ORIGINALITY; SWEAT-OF-THE-BROW

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novelty

novelty. 1. Trade secrets. The newness of information that is generally unused or unknown and that gives its owner a competitive advantage in a business field. • In the law of trade secrets, novelty does not require independent conception or even originality. A rediscovered technique with marketable applications can qualify as a novelty and be

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copyright

copyright n. 版权;版权法 版权是就独创的文学、戏剧、音乐或美术作品而授予其作者的一组权利,包括对作品进行复制、表演与其他使用行为的专有权。根据「思想-表现」二分法〔idea-expression dichotomy〕,版权并不保护抽像的思想〔idea〕,而只是保护对思想的特定、具体的表现〔expression〕。而且,构成一个有效的有版权作品〔copyrighted work〕,除了该表现必须具备独创性〔originality〕外,还应达到最低创作程度。在英美法上,版权是文艺复兴运动与印刷技术发展的产物。1556年,英国的书籍出版业公会〔Stationers Company〕根据特许权而享有书籍出版的垄断权,所有书籍均须经其登记官的同意与注册方得出版。1709年,英国一制定法承认作者享有印刷其作品的专有权利,已印刷作品的保护期为21年,未印刷作品之保护期为14年。这被认为是世界上第一部版权法,即《安娜女王法》〔Statute of Anne〕。英国版权法随时代发展而历经修改,逐步增加了受版权保护的作品范围与作者权限及保护期限。当前的英国版权法是1988年《版权、外观设计和专利法》〔Copyright, Designs and Patents Act〕。该法规定受版权保护的作品除文学、戏剧、音乐、美术作品外,还包括录音作品〔sound recordings〕、电影、广播、有线节目以及已出版版本的印刷排版设计〔typographical arrangement〕。版权的保护期一般为作者有生之年加死后50年。版权的内容包括对作品进行复制、发行、表演、公开展览、广播、改编等权利,而且,在该法中第一次增加规定了精神权利〔moral rights〕。在美国,国会于1790年仿照英国1709年版权法制定了第一部联邦的版权法。该法亦历经多次修订。最近的一次版权立法是在1976年10月,即《1976年版权法》〔Copyright Act of 1976〕,该法于1978年1月1日生效。在此之前,美国存在着普通法保护与制定法保护两套版权保护体系,通常,普通法版权〔common law copyright〕保护出版前的作品,而出版后的作品则产生制定法上的版权〔statutory copyright〕,受联邦版权法的保护。《1976年版权法》意在取消普通法版权而创设一套统一的版权保护体系。该法保护已被固定在有体载体上的所有表现〔expression〕,故只要某一作品已被某种确定的方式记载下来,其作者的权利即受版权法保护。《1976年版权法》对版权的保护期限也为作者有生之年加死后50年。此外,为使其国内法符合加入《伯尔尼公约》〔Berne Convention〕的条件,美国又专门制定了《伯尔尼公约执行法》〔Berne Convention Implementation Act〕。在该法生效(1989年3月1日)之前,如果没有在发行的版本上适当标注版权标记,则该作品的版权可能被没收,但在该法生效之后,进行版权登记或标注版权标记不再是取得版权的前提条件。这是美国版权法在形式要件上的重大变更。

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directive on the legal protection of computer programs

Directive on the Legal Protection of Computer Programs. Copyright. A 1991 European Commission initiative requiring members to protect computer software by copyright rather than by patent or some sui generis set of legal rights. • The purpose of the Directive was to harmonize copyright laws among the members of the European Commission. It standardized the

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uncopyrightable

uncopyrightable, adj. (Of a work) ineligible for copyright protection either because the work lacks originality or because it is an idea, concept, process, or other abstraction that is not included in one of the eight covered classifications of copyrightable works. 17 USCA §§ 101–106. [Cases: Copyrights and Intellectual Property 4. C.J.S. Copyrights and Intellectual Property

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