Brehon law (bree-h[schwa]n law). Hist. The ancient system of law in Ireland at the time of its conquest by Henry II. • This law was formally abolished in 1366. — Sometimes spelled Brehon Law. “[T]he Irish were governed by what they called the Brehon law, so stiled from the Irish name of judges, who were […]
failing-company doctrine. Antitrust. The rule that allows an otherwise proscribed merger or acquisition between competitors when one is bankrupt or near failure. 15 USCA §§ 12–27. — Also termed failing-firm defense. [Cases: Monopolies 20(1). C.J.S. Monopolies §§ 106–111, 115–116, 125.] “The 1992 guidelines provide a limited defense for failing firms and failing divisions of firms.
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ancient demesne (英格兰古法)古地；古地自保 古地自保的庄园是那些在忏悔者爱德华〔Edward the Confessor, 1042-1066年在位〕和征服者威廉〔William the Conqueror, 1066-1087年在位〕统治时期就由国王实际直接占有的土地，在《末日审判书》〔Domesday〕中注明为「王地」〔terrae regis; terrae regis Eduardi〕。在这些土地上负农役〔socage〕的封臣被称为古地保有者〔tenants in ancient demesne〕。古地保有和其它保有比起来有以下不同：首先，1833年《不动产时傚法》〔Real Property Limitation Act〕之前，有关这种保有的诉讼只能在普通民事诉讼法庭〔Court of Common Pleas〕或在古地庄园法庭〔court of ancient demesne of the manor〕进行，后者由古地自保者组成类似于普通保有庄园中的封臣法庭〔court baron〕；其次，这类土地独立于领主意志之外而通过普通法转让方式转移；最后，基于这种保有还可以针对驱逐之诉〔ejectment〕提出程序上的抗辩。除了作为古地保有者的农役封臣外，古地上还有三种公簿地产保有人，对应三种不同方式的保有：１依国王特许状自由保有土地的人；２习惯公簿保有〔customary freeholds; customary leaseholds〕人，他们依习惯而非领主意志保有王地，尽管其转让要通过交回〔surrender〕或契据〔deed〕和认可〔admittance〕的方式进行；３依领主意志凭法庭记录的副本保有土地，又称为农奴公簿保有〔copyholds of base tenure〕人。在《末日审判书》中，关于某一特定庄园是否古地保有的记录是确定的，但关于某块土地是否属于某古地保有庄园则作为事实问题留给陪审团裁断。在古地自保中，土地上没有次一级和相冲突的利益，森林和矿藏属于古地自保者，对领主的义务均是固定的。 (→tenure; demesne; socage)
manufacture, n. Patents. A thing that is made or built by a human being, as distinguished from something that is a product of nature; esp. any material form produced by a machine from an unshaped composition of matter. • Manufactures are one of the statutory categories of inventions that can be patented. Examples of manufactures
vulgo concepti (v[schwa]l-goh k[schwa]n-sep-tI), n. [Latin] Hist. Illegitimate children; bastards.
Hist. A base tenure requiring the tenant to provide the customary services of the manor, as reflected in the manor’s court rolls. • Copyhold tenure descended from pure villeinage; over time, the customs of the manor, as reflected on the manor’s rolls, dictated what services a lord could demand from a copyholder. This type of
facio ut facias (fay-shee-oh [schwa]t fay-shee-[schwa]s). [Latin “I do that you may do”] Civil law. 1. An innominate contract in which a person agrees to do something for another person who agrees to do something in return, such as an agreement to marry. 2. The consideration in such a contract. See innominate contract under CONTRACT.
CERCLA (s[schwa]r-kl[schwa]).abbr. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980. • This statute holds responsible parties liable for the cost of cleaning up hazardous-waste sites.42 USCA §§ 9601 et seq. See SUPERFUND. [Cases: Environmental Law 436.] “CERCLA is probably the most controversial environmental law ever enacted. Supporters praise it as a vital program to
clausula (klawz-y[schwa]-l[schwa]), n. [Latin] A clause; a sentence or part of a sentence in a written instrument or statute. clausula codicillaris (klawz-y[schwa]-l[schwa] kod-[schwa]-si-lair-is). [Latin] Roman law. A codi-cillary clause; a codicil that, having been confirmed by a will (even in advance), operated as part of the will. • An unconfirmed codicil created directives that could
Consummated in a way that will result in future possession and use. • Reversions, vested remainders, and any other future use or executory devise that does not depend on an uncertain period or event are all said to be vested in interest. [Cases: Wills 628–638. C.J.S. Wills §§ 1320–1379, 1551.]
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