European Convention on Human Rights. A 1950 international agreement to protect human rights. • The European Commission for Human Rights and the European Court for Human Rights were created under the convention’s terms.
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conventional law. A rule or system of rules agreed on by persons for the regulation of their conduct toward one another; law constituted by agreement as having the force of special law between the parties, by either supple-menting or replacing the general law of the land. • The most important example is conventional international law,
Annapolis Convention 〈美〉安纳波利斯会议 尽管英国与其前北美殖民地已签署了和平条约，但仍继续危及美国航运，而北美十三州在对付英国海军一致行动上又有歧见；更糟的是，具有天然优势的州正对其邻近州造成不利，正如詹姆斯·麦迪逊〔James Madison〕描写道，一些「没有便利港口进行对外贸易的州，在通过邻近州进行对外贸易时不得不接受邻近州的征税」。解决这种残酷贸易战的方式就是采取国家行动，但其时的邦联国会〔Confederation Congress〕并无权力。马里兰州〔Maryland〕和弗吉尼亚州〔Virginia〕已就切萨皮克湾〔Chesapeake Bay〕及支流的航运达成一致意见，它们邀请特拉华州〔Delaware〕和宾夕法尼亚州〔Pennsylvania〕也加入这一协定，弗吉尼亚州则进一步建议召集一个包括各州的州际贸易会议，讨论州际共同商业政策。1786年10个州选派代表参加在马里兰州安纳波利斯举行的贸易会议，但由于种种原因在9月份只有五个州的代表实际参加会议，并没有达到法定州数，不过会议仍通过一项建议，由所有州在下一年第二个星期一在费城重新举行一次会议，来解决邦联政府体制的严重缺陷。这次会议本身并无重大意义，但作为以后召开制定宪法的全国会议的前奏，却有着不可否认的作用。
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Chicago Convention 《芝加哥公约》 即1944年12月11日在芝加哥签署的《国际民用航空公约》〔Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation〕。该公约重申了各国对领空拥有主权的原则，并且明确规定航空自由必须与国家主权相协调。
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Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters. An international convention, concluded on October 26, 1968, that establishes procedures for obtaining evidence in a foreign country, such as taking a deposition abroad. • More than 27 countries are parties, including the United States. [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure 1261; Pretrial Procedure
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International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations. See ROME CONVENTION ON RELATED RIGHTS.
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A custom that operates only indirectly through the medium of agreements, so that it is accepted and adopted in individual instances as conventional law between the parties to those agreements. — Also termed usage. See USAGE.
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An obligation that results from agreement of the parties; a contractual obligation. Cf. obediential obligation. — Also termed express obligation; civil obligation.
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Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa. A 1991 treaty prohibiting the importation of hazardous wastes into Africa and restricting the transfer of wastes among African nations. • The treaty’s objectives are to protect human health and the environment from the