direct examination. The first questioning of a witness in a trial or other proceeding, conducted by the party who called the witness to testify. — Often shortened to direct. — Also termed examination-in-chief. Cf. CROSS-EXAMINATION N; REDIRECT EXAMINATION. [Cases: Witnesses 224–245. C.J.S. Witnesses §§ 390–394, 396–401, 403–423, 436.]
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Fraud that is presumed under the circumstances, as when a debtor transfers assets and thereby impairs creditors’ efforts to collect sums due. — Also termed constructive fraud.
Bounty of Queen Anne 〈英〉安妮女王基金会 依据皇家特许状成立的基金会，并由1703年的一项制定法正式确立。所有属于国王所得的初年圣俸〔first-fruit〕和什一税〔tenths〕均交给基金管理会〔Governor〕的受托人管理，建立基金会，目的在于增加贫困教士的收入。依据该基金会的原则，通过从初年圣俸和什一税的财政收入中拨款增加贫困教士的收入，相应地也免除这些教士收取初年圣俸和什一税的义务。每一教区〔diocese〕的主教都要负责调查本教区内年收入不足50英镑的教士的情况，并向财政署如实报告。对该基金会的制度，后来的制定法特别是1838年《安妮女王基金会法》〔Queen Anne’s Bounty Act〕作了进一步规定。1776年《教士住宅维修法》〔Clergy Residences Repair Act〕，也即通称的《吉尔伯特法案》〔Gilbert’s Act〕，授权基金会理事可以贷出4%的款项用于维修堂区牧师寓所〔parsonage〕等，但要以教会产业作抵押。依据1925年《什一税法》〔Tithe Act〕，安妮女王基金会又获得了收取所有什一税租费〔tithe rentcharge〕并发放给神职人员的权力，但1936年《什一税法》又将什一税租费废除了。依据1947年《英格兰国教委员会法》〔Church Commissioners Measure〕，安妮女王基金会与宗教事务委员会〔Ecclesiastical Commissioners〕合并，更名为英格兰国教委员会〔Church Commissioners〕。
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negative-pledge clause. 1. A provision requiring a borrower, who borrows funds without giving security, to refrain from giving future lenders any security without the consent of the first lender. 2. A provision, usu. in a bond indenture, stating that the issuing entity will not pledge its assets if it will result in less security to
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frank-fee. Hist. Freehold land — land that one held to oneself and one’s heirs — exempted from all services except homage; land held other than by ancient demesne or copyhold.
prima facie, adj. Sufficient to establish a fact or raise a presumption unless disproved or rebutted (a prima facie showing). prima facie (prI-m[schwa] fay-sh[schwa] orfay-shee), adv. [Latin] At first sight; on first appearance but subject to further evidence or information ( the agreement is prima facie valid). [Cases: Evidence 53, 85, 584(1). C.J.S. Evidence §§
worthier-title doctrine. 1. Hist. The common-law doctrine that if a beneficiary of a will would receive an identical interest as an heir under the laws of intestacy, the person takes the interest as an heir rather than as a beneficiary. • The doctrine has been abolished in most states. [Cases: Wills 713. C.J.S. Wills §
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selective-draft law. A statute empowering the federal government to conscript citizens for military duty. • The constitutionality of the first selective-draft law was challenged and upheld in the Selective-Draft-Law Cases. See Arver v. United States, 245 U.S. 366, 38 S.Ct. 159 (1918).
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thereinafter, adv. Later in that thing (such as a speech or document) (the book’s first reference was innocuous, but the five references thereinafter were libelous per se).
chain of title. 1. The ownership history of a piece of land, from its first owner to the present one. — Also termed line of title; string of title. 2. The ownership history of commercial paper, traceable through the indorsements. • For the holder to have good title, every prior negotiation must have been proper.