wood geld
wood-geld (wuud-geld). Hist. 1. Money paid for the privilege of taking wood from a forest. 2. Immunity from paying money for this privilege. — Also termed pudzeld.
wood-geld (wuud-geld). Hist. 1. Money paid for the privilege of taking wood from a forest. 2. Immunity from paying money for this privilege. — Also termed pudzeld.
forathe (for-ayth). Hist. In forest law, one who can make an oath or bear witness for another.
assart. Hist. 1. The action of pulling up trees and bushes in a forest to make the land arable. • This was a crime if done without a license. 2. A piece of land made arable by clearing a forest.
Statute of Marlborough 〈英〉《马尔伯勒法》 1267年通过,肯认了《大宪章》〔Magna Carta〕和《森林宪章》〔Charta de Foresta〕,对某些地产保有形式及一些程序问题作了规定。因为通过该法的议会是在马桥〔Marlbridge; Marlebridge〕举行,故该法亦称《马桥法》〔Statute of Marlbridge or Marlebridge〕。
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venville (ven-vil), n. Hist. A tenure peculiar to the area of Dartmoor forest in Devonshire, whereby tenants have certain rights in the forest.
Court of Sweinmote (swayn-moht). Hist. A medieval forest court with jurisdiction over a variety of matters, esp. the right to graze animals during the summer when deer were fawning. • The forest freeholders (the sweins) made up the jury of the Court. By the 14th century, the Court’s jurisdiction had expanded, and it acquired a
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assize n. (1)〈英〉条例;法令;法 古代用来指称一些立法文件,如「Assize of Bread」、「Assize of Clarendon」、「Assize of the Forest」等。 (2)〈英〉(为解决土地占有或地产权利而举行的)审判或(进行的)诉讼及与此相关的程序、(为此而召集的)咨审团及其成员;巡回审判 「assize」源于拉丁文「assideo」,意为「坐在一起」〔sit together〕,后来的巡回陪审可能即源于此。亨利二世时代的一项法令规定,在有关土地占有和地产权利〔seisin and title to land〕的诉讼中,可以由郡长召集本郡4名骑士,由他们和他们所挑选的12名知情人共同组成16人的咨审团经宣誓后回答法官的提问和向法官陈述实情。这种诉讼、程序及咨审团组织均可称为「assizes」。在这一类诉讼中,有些诉讼的名称来源于争议的客体,如「共牧权之诉」〔assize of common of pasture〕;但更多的则来源于争议的起因,如「新侵占之诉」〔assize of novel disseisin〕等。《大宪章》〔Magna Carta〕规定,新侵占之诉和收回继承地之诉〔assize of mort d’ancestor〕应在争议地产所在郡开庭,为此皇家民事法庭每年都要向各郡派出巡回法官〔justices of assize〕前往主持开庭。后来1285年《初审条例》〔Statute of Nisi Prius〕规定,巡回法官应当在案件发生地听审案件,然后将陪审团的裁决送回威斯敏斯特以供中央法庭作出判决,这样在巡回法官面前进行的民事诉讼被称为是在巡回法庭开庭〔to take place at the assizes〕。巡回法官每次派出时都会得到王室的委任状,普通委任状每年两次发给高等法院的法官,一般是每一巡回区派出两名法官;特别委任状是针对特定事项而发给特定法官的。过去巡回法官的委任状分为独立的四种:1刑事听审委任状〔commission of oyer and terminer〕;2提审囚犯委任状〔commission of gaol delivery〕;3巡回初审委任状〔commission of nisi prius〕;4治安委任状〔commission of the peace〕。另外曾经还有一种被称为巡回审判委任状〔commission of assize〕,它指令法官依据巡回审令状〔writ of
scotal (skot-[schwa]l). Hist. An extortionary practice by which forest officers forced people to patronize the officers’ alehouses, often in exchange for the officers’ ignoring forest offenses. • This practice was prohibited in 1217 by the Charter of the Forest, ch. 7. — Also spelled scotale (skot-ayl).
dangeria, n. Hist. Payment by forest tenants to the lord so that they can plow and sow in the same season as pannage. See PANNAGE.
bow-bearer. Hist. An officer responsible for apprehending trespassers and poachers in the king’s forest.