discretionary (di-skresh-[schwa]-ner-ee), adj. (Of an act or duty) involving an exercise of judgment and choice, not an implementation of a hard-and-fast rule. • Such an act by a court may be overturned only after a showing of abuse of discretion.
explanatory-phrase rule. Trademarks. The principle that a senior user of a family-name trademark is entitled to a judicial remedy for unfair competition if the same family name appears on competing goods or services, the remedy being that the junior user must include on signs, labels, and advertisements an explanation that the company is not affiliated
explanatory phrase rule Read More »
earnings per share. Corporations. A measure of corporate value by which the corporation’s net income is divided by the number of outstanding shares of common stock. • Investors benefit from calculating a corporation’s earnings per share, because it helps the investor determine the fair market value of the corporation’s stock. — Abbr. EPS. fully diluted
earnings per share Read More »
Law French 法律法语 指自12世纪60年代到爱德华三世〔Edward Ⅲ，1327-1377〕统治时期用于法律文书和诉讼程序中的盎格鲁-诺曼语〔Anglo-Norman〕。这种法语直到18世纪早期还在法律文书中被经常使用。根据议会立法，于1733年最终废止。当最初引入英格兰时，这一类法语是在诺曼底〔Normandy〕使用的标准语言。到了14世纪，经过一种语言的隔离，它又变成了一种充斥着讹误的语言，当然这是以纯正的法语为比较对像而言的。在判例汇编中运用法律法语的现象一直持续到了17世纪末，晚至18世纪早期甚至还有人为法律法语而辩护。这些人认为：「实际上法律很难用英语来确切地表达。」尽管法律法语对讲英语的律师来说可能有一些艰深晦涩，但它确实在法律语言中留下了许多专业用语，如appeal, attainder, assault, arrest, counsel, defer, escheat, heir, indictment, joinder, laches, mortgage, nuisance, ouster, process, reverter, suit, tort, verdict等。法律法语通常是一门高度专门性的术语，并保留了许多古老的盎格鲁-诺曼语的特点，但最终仍被英语的语言形式、曲折变化、词序、词的配列等替代。因此，尽管英语中保留了许多法律法语的词汇，今天的英美法律师已不再试图以法律法语来交流了。
fair, adj. 1. Impartial; just; equitable; disinterested (everyone thought that Judge Jones was fair). 2. Free of bias or prejudice (in jury selection, the lawyers tried to select a fair and impartial jury). fair, n. Hist. A privileged market for the buying and selling of goods. • A fair was an incorporeal hereditament granted to
第三方受益人（合同） 英语：third-party beneficiary (contract) 法语：tiers bénéficiaire 德语：Drittbegünstigter (eines Vertrages) 意大利语：contratto in favore di un terzo 西班牙语：contrato para el beneficio del tercero-beneficiario
Section 43(a) action. Trademarks. A private cause of action codified in the Lanham Trademark Act and covering a broad spectrum of deceptive trade practices, including passing off, false advertising, trade-dress infringement, trademark dilution, and cyberpiracy. 15 USCA § 1125(a).
section 43(a) action Read More »
Bolger test. The judicial test for determining whether a statement is commercial speech, by examining (1) whether it is an advertisement; (2) whether it refers to a specific product or service; and (3) whether the speaker has an economic motivation for making the statement. Bolger v. Youngs Drug Prods. Corp., 463 U.S. 60, 66–67, 103
Hist. A base tenure requiring the tenant to provide the customary services of the manor, as reflected in the manor’s court rolls. • Copyhold tenure descended from pure villeinage; over time, the customs of the manor, as reflected on the manor’s rolls, dictated what services a lord could demand from a copyholder. This type of
power of termination. A future interest retained by a grantor after conveying a fee simple subject to a condition subsequent, so that the grantee’s estate terminates (upon breach of the condition) only if the grantor exercises the right to retake it. — Also termed right of entry; right of reentry; right of entry for breach
power of termination Read More »