aggravated, adj. 1. (Of a crime) made worse or more serious by circumstances such as violence, the presence of a deadly weapon, or the intent to commit another crime (aggravated robbery). Cf. SIMPLE(1). 2. (Of a tort) made worse or more serious by circumstances such as intention to cause harm or reckless disregard for another’s […]
fundamental-fairness doctrine. The rule that applies the principles of due process to a judicial proceeding. • The term is commonly considered synonymous with due process.
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Criminal law. A test for insanity, holding that a person is not criminally responsible for an act if mental disease prevented that person from controlling potentially criminal conduct. • The few jurisdictions that have adopted this test have combined it with the McNaghten rules. — Also termed control test; volitional test. See INSANITY DEFENSE; MCNAGHTEN
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laws of Visby (vis-bee). A code of maritime customs and decisions adopted on the island of Gothland (in the Baltic Sea), where Visby was the principal port. • Most scholars believe that this code postdates the laws of Oléron. The code was influential throughout northern Europe. In recognition of the ancient code, the Visby Protocol
Fifty Decisions. Justinian’s rulings that settled controversies and eliminated obsolete rules in the law. • The decisions were made in preparation for Justinian’s Digest. — Also termed (in Latin) Quinquaginta Decisiones. 50 PERCENT PLUS ONE 50 percent plus one. See HALF PLUS ONE. 50-PERCENT RULE 50-percent rule. The principle that liability for negligence is apportioned
consanguinity (kon-sang-gwin-[schwa]-tee), n. The relationship of persons of the same blood or origin. See prohibited degree under DEGREE. Cf. AFFINITY; AFFINITAS AFFINITATIS. [Cases: Incest 5; Marriage 10. C.J.S. Incest § 4; Marriage § 17.] — consanguineous, adj. “In the mode of computing the degrees of consanguinity, the civil law … begins with the intestate, and
convention. 1. An agreement or compact, esp. one among nations; a multilateral treaty (the Geneva Convention). See TREATY. [Cases: Treaties 1. C.J.S. Treaties § 2.] 2. A special deliberative assembly elected for the purpose of framing, revising, or amending a constitution. See CONSTITUTION (1). — Also termed constitutional convention. [Cases: Constitutional Law 8, 10. C.J.S.
transgress, vb. 1. To exceed the limits of (a law, rule, regulation, etc.); to break or violate. 2. To pass over (limits, boundaries, etc.). — transgressor, n.
National Reporter System 〈美〉全国判例汇编系统 1887年由韦氏出版公司(一译西方出版公司)〔West Publishing Company〕创立，出版联邦和州的初审法院和上诉法院的判例。由17个单元组成；7个联邦单元：最高法院判例汇编〔Supreme Court Reporter〕、联邦判例汇编〔Federal Reporter〕、联邦判例补编〔Federal Supplement〕、联邦规则判例汇编〔Federal Rules Decisions〕、破产判例汇编〔Bankruptcy Reporter〕、军事司法判例汇编〔Military Justice Reporter〕、美国索赔法院判例汇编〔United States Federal Claims Reporter〕；3个州单元：加利福尼亚州判例汇编〔California Reporter〕、伊利诺伊州判例汇编〔Illinois Decisions〕、纽约州判例补编〔New York Supplement〕；7个州区单元：大西洋区、太平洋区、东北区、东南区、西北区、西南区和南区。整个系统以钥匙号索引体系〔key number indexing scheme〕联结起来，其中每个案件均有一个摘要和钥匙号，可与美国判例摘要系统〔American Digest System〕相参照。全国判例汇编系统极大地简化了美国判例的检索工作。
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The rule that if one member of a class satisfies a requirement to exhaust administrative remedies, that is enough for all others similarly situated to be considered as having exhausted the remedies. — Often shortened to vicarious exhaustion. [Cases: Administrative Law 229.]
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