determination letter. A letter issued by the Internal Revenue Service in response to a taxpayer’s request, giving an opinion about the tax significance of a transaction, such as whether a nonprofit corporation is entitled to tax-exempt status. — Also termed ruling letter. [Cases: Internal Revenue 3049.]
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ombudsman (om-b[schwa]dz-m[schwa]n). 1. An official appointed to receive, investigate, and report on private citizens’ complaints about the government. 2. A similar appointee in a nongovernmental organization (such as a company or university). — Often shortened to ombuds. “An ombudsman serves as an alternative to the adversary system for resolving disputes, especially between citizens and government
collateral estoppel (e-stop-[schwa]l). 1. The binding effect of a judgment as to matters actually litigated and determined in one action on later controversies between the parties involving a different claim from that on which the original judgment was based. 2. A doctrine barring a party from relitigating an issue determined against that party in an
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equipment, n. The articles or implements used for a specific purpose or activity (esp. a business operation). • Under the UCC, equipment includes goods if (1) the goods are used in or bought for a business enterprise (including farming or a profession) or by a debtor that is a nonprofit organization or a governmental subdivision
recognition, n. 1. Confirmation that an act done by another person was authorized. See RATIFICATION. [Cases: Principal and Agent 170(2).C.J.S. Agency § 88.] 2. The formal admission that a person, entity, or thing has a particular status; esp. a nation’s act in formally acknowledging the existence of another nation or national government. 3. Parliamentary law.
interrogation, n. The formal or systematic questioning of a person; esp., intensive questioning by the police, usu. of a person arrested for or suspected of committing a crime. • The Supreme Court has held that, for purposes of the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, interrogation includes not only express questioning but also words or actions
A final determination of a case (against the plaintiff in a civil action or the government in a criminal action) without a trial on its merits. See DISMISSAL. [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure 1837; Pretrial Procedure 694. C.J.S. Dismissal and Nonsuit §§ 48, 80.]
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Employment law. The principle that, when the evidence in an employment-discrimination case shows that the complained-of employment action was based in part on a nondiscriminatory reason and in part on a discriminatory reason, the plaintiff must show that discrimination was a motivating factor for the employment action and, if the plaintiff makes that showing, then
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related proceeding. Bankruptcy. A proceeding that involves a claim that will affect the administration of the debtor’s estate (such as a tort action between the debtor and a third party), but that does not arise under bankruptcy law and could be adjudicated in a state court. • A related proceeding must be adjudicated in federal
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