A person with designated authority to act on behalf of another person, group, or organization, usu. by being granted that authority by law or by the rules of the group or organization [as an officer of the union, she was the accredited representative of the employees in the wage dispute].
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Comstock law (kom-stok). An 1873 federal statute that tightened rules against mailing “obscene, lewd, or las-civious” books or pictures, as well as “any article or thing designed for the prevention of conception or procuring of abortions.” • Because of the intolerance that led to this statute, the law gave rise to an English word roughly
ruling, n. 1. The outcome of a court’s decision either on some point of law or on the case as a whole. — Also termed legal ruling. Cf. JUDGMENT(1); OPINION(1). [Cases: Courts 88. C.J.S. Courts § 139; Trade-Marks, Trade-Names, and Unfair Competition § 187.] “A distinction is sometimes made between rules and rulings. Whether or
motion for judgment on the pleadings. A party’s request that the court rule in its favor based on the pleadings on file, without accepting evidence, as when the outcome of the case rests on the court’s interpretation of the law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure 1052; Pleading 342. C.J.S. Pleading §
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doctrine of general average. Maritime law. A rule allowing a carrier to require cargo owners and the shipowner to contribute pro rata to the cost of protecting the ship and its cargo. [Cases: Shipping 186. C.J.S. Shipping §§ 458–459.]
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delegate (del-[schwa]-git), n. 1. One who represents or acts for another person or a group. 2. Parliamentary law. A voting member of a convention, whether entitled to vote as an elected or appointed delegate (sense 1), as an upgraded alternate, or ex officio. See CONVENTION(4); ALTERNATE; EX OFFICIO. instructed delegate. A delegate bound to vote
internal affairs of a foreign corporation. Conflict of laws. Matters that involve only the inner workings of a corporation, such as dividend declarations and the selection of officers. [Cases: Corporations 640. C.J.S. Corporations §§ 893, 900.] “The old statement that a court will not hear cases involving the internal affairs of a foreign corporation has
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monarchy. A government in which a single person rules, with powers varying from absolute dictatorship to the merely ceremonial. limited monarchy. A monarchical form of government in which the monarch’s power is subject to constitutional or other restraints. — Also termed constitutional monarchy.
surrounding circumstances 周围情况 指可以根据过失推定规则〔res ipsa loquitur rule〕推断被告对事故或损害的发生负有责任的情况。它不是指能直接表明被告缺乏注意的情况，而是指被告实施管理或控制的中性的情况〔neutral circumstances〕，如加以解释，则看起来完全像尽到了合理的注意义务。 (→res ipsa loquitur)
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sustain, vb. 1. To support or maintain, esp. over a long period (enough oxygen to sustain life). 2. To nourish and encourage; lend strength to (she helped sustain the criminal enterprise). 3. To undergo; suffer (Charles sustained third-degree burns). 4. (Of a court) to uphold or rule in favor of (objection sustained). 5. To substantiate