A tariff equaling the difference between the price at which the product is sold in the exporting country and the price at which the importer will sell the product in the importing country. • These tariffs are designed to prevent foreign businesses from artificially lowering their prices and gaining unfair advantages outside their home market. […]
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reduction to practice. Patents. The embodiment of the concept of an invention, either by physical construction and operation or by filing a patent application with a disclosure adequate to teach a person reasonably skilled in the art how to make and work the invention without undue experimentation. • The date of reduction to practice is
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In economics, the excess of merchandise imports over merchandise exports during a specific period. — Also termed trade gap. Cf. trade surplus under SURPLUS.
Contracts Clause. The clause of the U.S. Constitution prohibiting states from passing a law that would impair private contractual obligations. • The Supreme Court has generally interpreted this clause so that states can regulate private contractual obligations if the regulation is reasonable and necessary to serve an important public purpose. U.S. Const. art. I, §
vectigal (vek-tI-g[schwa]l), n. Roman & civil law. 1. A tax, esp. an import or export duty, paid to the state. 2. An annual ground rent paid in kind or in money. Pl. vectigalia (vek-t[schwa]-gay-lee-[schwa]). vectigal judiciarium (vek-tI-g[schwa]l joo-dish-ee-air-ee-[schwa]m), n. A tax or fine to defray the expenses of maintaining courts of justice. Pl. vectigalia judiciaria.
delivered duty paid. A mercantile-contract term allocating the rights and duties of the buyer and the seller of goods with respect to delivery, payment, and risk of loss, whereby the seller must (1) clear the goods for export, (2) bear the costs of carriage, (3) pay the buyer’s import duties, and (4) make the goods
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documentary instruction. A written agreement between an importer and exporter covering the relegation of various documents relating to the shipment and disposition of goods.
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Legislation of vital importance, such as an appropriation without which the government will shut down. • A must-pass bill will often attract unrelated riders. See RIDER.
首创（里程碑式）判例 英语：leading (landmark) case 法语：arrêt de principe, précédent juridique 德语：Präzedenzfall 意大利语：precedente importante 西班牙语：precedente importante
private-attorney-general doctrine. The equitable principle that allows the recovery of attorney’s fees to a party who brings a lawsuit that benefits a significant number of people, requires private enforcement, and is important to society as a whole. [Cases: Costs 194.42; Federal Civil Procedure 2737. 2. C.J.S. Costs § 130.]
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