Madrid Agreement. Trademarks. 1. An 1890 treaty establishing a system for the international registration of trademarks. • The agreement’s official name is the Madrid Arrangement Concerning the International Registration of Marks. A product of the Madrid Revision Conference of the Paris Convention in 1890, it was last revised in 1967. Under this treaty’s registration system, […]
indiscriminate attack. Int’l law. An aggressive act that (1) is not carried out for a specific military objective, (2) employs a means of combat not directed at a specific military objective, or (3) employs a means of combat the effects of which cannot be limited in accordance with an international protocol such as the Geneva
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freedom from discrimination 不受歧视的自由 在《联合国世界人权宣言》〔U.N.Universal Declaration of Human Rights〕和《欧洲人权公约》〔European Convention on Human Rights〕等的影响下，直到20世纪才完全确认的一种公民自由权，指对任何人不得基于年龄、性别、肤色、种族、民族或国籍而予以歧视。
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unit rule. 1. Securities. A method of valuing securities by multiplying the total number of shares held by the sale price of one share sold on a licensed stock exchange, ignoring all other facts about value. 2. Parliamentary law. A convention’s rule that lets a delegation’s majority cast the entire delegation’s votes. Cf. instructed delegate
The seas or oceans beyond the jurisdiction of any country. • Under traditional international law, the high seas began 3 miles from the coast; today, the distance is generally accepted to be 12 miles. Under the 1982 U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, coastal shores now have a 200-mile exclusive economic zone. —
Hague Rules. Maritime law. An international agreement adopted at the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading in 1924. • Under the Hague Rules, a carrier is not liable for losses.
acquired-rights doctrine. The principle that once a right has vested, it may not be reduced by later legislation. • The Universal Copyright Convention applies the doctrine to copyright protections, esp. terms, that controlled before the Convention took effect. — Also termed doctrine of acquired rights.
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control theory. The theory that people will engage in criminal behavior unless certain personally held social controls (such as a strong investment in conventional, legitimate activities or a belief that criminal behavior is morally wrong) are in place to prevent them from doing so. Cf. ROUTINE-ACTIVITIES THEORY Y; RA-TIONAL-CHOICE THEORY; STRAIN THEORY.