The corrupted form of the Norman French language that arose in England in the centuries after William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066 and that was used for several centuries as the primary language of the English legal system; the Anglo-French used in medieval England in judicial proceedings, pleadings, and lawbooks. — Abbr. L.F. — […]
excommunication, n. Eccles. law. A sentence of censure pronounced by a spiritual court for an offense falling under ecclesiastical cognizance; expulsion from religious society or community. • In England, an excommunicated person was formerly subject to various civil disabilities, such as an inability to be a juror, to be a witness in any court, or
inquisitio geldi 〈拉〉〈英〉纳税调查 1085年依征服者威廉〔William the Conqueror〕的命令对应纳丹麦金〔Danegeld〕的人进行的调查。关于调查过程的原始报告书，据知并无完整复本存世，但其所收集的信息构成了《末日审判书》〔Domesday〕的基础，且其中某些报告书转记于《埃克松末日审判书》〔Exon Domesday〕。 (→Domesday)
Hist. A manor that was held by the Crown at the time of William the Conqueror and was recorded in the Domesday Book.
rulers of England 历代英王英王在位年限〔British Regnal Years〕 盎格鲁-撒克逊王朝〔Saxon Line〕埃伯格〔Egbert〕802-839；埃塞尔夫〔Ethelwulf〕839-857；埃塞巴德〔Ethelbald〕857-860；埃赛伯特〔Ethelbert〕860-866；埃塞尔雷德一世〔Ethelred Ⅰ〕866-871；阿尔弗列德大帝〔Alfred the Great〕871-899；长者爱德华〔Adward Ⅰ the Elder〕899-924；埃塞斯坦〔Ethelstan〕924-940；埃德蒙一世〔Edmund Ⅰ〕940-946；埃德列德〔Edred〕946-955；埃德威〔Edwy〕955-959；埃德加〔Edgar〕959-975；殉教者爱德华〔Edward Ⅱ the Martyr〕975-978；无策者埃塞尔雷德二世〔Ethelred Ⅱ the Unready〕978-1016；刚勇者埃德蒙〔Edmund Ⅱ Ironside〕1016。 丹麦王朝〔Danish Line〕克努特〔Canute/Cnut〕1016-1035；哈罗德一世〔Harold〕1035-1040；哈特克内特〔Hardicanute/Harthacnut〕1040-1042。 撒克逊王朝〔Saxon Line〕忏悔者(笃信者)爱德华〔Edward the Confessor〕1042-1066；哈罗德二世〔Harold Ⅱ〕1066。 诺曼底王朝〔House of Normandy〕征服者威廉一世〔William Ⅰ the Conqueror〕1066.10.14-1087.9.9；威廉二世〔William Ⅱ〕1087926-110082；亨利一世〔Henry Ⅰ〕110085-1135121；斯蒂芬〔Stephen〕11351226-11541025。 金雀花(安茹)王朝〔House of Plantagenet〕亨利二世〔Henry Ⅱ〕11541219-118976；狮心王理查一世〔Richard Ⅰ〕1189923-119946；无地者约翰〔John Lackland〕1199.5.27-1216.10.19; 亨利三世〔Henry Ⅲ〕12161028-12721116；爱德华一世〔Edward Ⅰ〕12721120-130777；爱德华二世〔Edward Ⅱ〕130778-1327125；爱德华三世〔Edward Ⅲ〕1327125-1377621；理查二世〔Richard Ⅱ〕1377622-1399930。 兰开斯特王室〔House of Lancaster〕亨利四世〔Henry Ⅳ〕1399930-1413320；亨利五世〔Henry Ⅴ〕1413321-1422831；亨利六世〔Henry
earl. A title of nobility, formerly the highest in England but now the third highest, ranking between a marquis and a viscount. • This title corresponds with the French comte and the German graf. Originating with the Saxons, this title is the most ancient of the English peerage. William the Conqueror first made the title
justiciar 〈拉〉 (1)(英格兰古法)(王室法院的)法官 又称justicier。 (2)〈英〉首席政法官；摄政官 诺曼征服时代和金雀花王朝〔Plantagenet〕时期重要的行政和司法官员。最先由征服者威廉〔William the Conqueror〕设立。领导整个王室法院的事务，也主持御前会议〔curia regis〕和财政署〔Exchequer〕的事务。在国王居住于诺曼底而不在英格兰的时间，他是相当于摄政者的最高官员，有权以自己的名义签署、颁发令状。也称为chief justiciar。1265年该职位即已空缺，后由爱德华一世废除，其大部分权利和荣誉由御前大臣〔Chancellor〕所承袭。 (3)〈爱尔兰〉首席政法官 设立于1172年，是英王在爱尔兰的最高代表，而且还是英王与爱尔兰行政部门的联系通道。主要负责保证英格兰的法律、习惯在爱尔兰的实施，享有广泛的司法管辖权。14世纪以后不再是爱尔兰的最高统治者。1478年，首席政法官一词就不再用了。 (4)〈苏格兰〉首席司法官 负责王座法庭〔king’s court〕的苏格兰高级司法官员，对各种案件都有最高的审判权，后来其权力不断遭到削弱。从15世纪起改称为最高刑事法官〔Lord Justice-General〕。(=justiciary)
Domesday Book (doomz-day). The census or survey, ordered by William the Conqueror and substantially completed in 1086, of England’s landholdings, buildings, people, and livestock. — Abbr. D.B. — Also spelled Doomsday Book. “Domesday Book had several variant names — Liber de Wintonia, Rotulus Wintoniae, Scriptura Thesauri Regis, Liber Regis, Liber Judiciarius, Censualis Angliae, Angliae Notitia
Domesday 〈撒克逊〉《末日审判书》 征服者威廉〔William the Conqueror〕统治时期制作的一种关于英格兰财产状况的调查记录，现存于国家档案馆〔Record Office〕。该调查主要目的在于弄清国王及直属封臣〔tenant-in-chief〕土地的范围和价值，为征收丹麦金〔Danegeld〕提供依据。它由派往各郡的皇家特派员通过宣誓征询〔sworn inquest〕的方式进行，调查所得资料汇集，称为《末日审判书》。这一名称据信是因为它在经济和法律意义上与基督教的末日裁判一样是普遍的和决定性的。又因该调查记录起初存于威斯敏斯特修道院中一间名为「上帝之屋」〔Domus Dei, House of God〕的房子中，其中加于审判书〔Domes〕后的「日」〔day〕字并不暗指调查审判的最后一天，而只是为了强调这种调查，表明它注定是公正的和精确的司法记录。《末日审判书》中包括除诺森伯兰〔Northumberland〕、达勒姆〔Durham〕、威斯特莫兰〔Westmorland〕、坎伯兰〔Cumberland〕和北兰开夏〔Lancashire〕以外英格兰所有各郡的材料。自1081年开始着手进行，至1086年完成，分为大小不等的两卷，其中第一卷称大清册〔Great Domesday〕，共382页，是关于除埃塞克斯〔Essex〕、诺福克〔Norfork〕和萨福克〔Suffolk〕三郡外各郡的调查材料；第二卷又称小清册〔Little Domesday〕，共450小页，是关于上述三郡的调查材料。其中小清册可能更早，且提供了比大清册更多却欠准确的信息。《末日审判书》成为当时英格兰法的重要权威，其中记载的材料成为确定争议事实的最终依据。在确定土地权方面极有价值，至今仍有人查阅。1783-1816年《末日审判书》以四卷形式重印。 (=Doomsday Book; Domesday-book)
Law French. The corrupted form of the Norman French language that arose in England in the centuries after William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066 and that was used for several centuries as the primary language of the English legal system; the Anglo-French used in medieval England in judicial proceedings, pleadings, and lawbooks. — Abbr.