The doctrine that certain social policies, such as the freedom of contract or the right to enjoy property without interference by government regulation, exist in the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment, particularly in the words “liberty” and “property.”
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voluntary, adj. 1. Done by design or intention (voluntary act). 2. Unconstrained by interference; not impelled by outside influence (voluntary statement). 3. Without valuable consideration; gratuitous (voluntary gift). [Cases: Contracts 47. C.J.S. Contracts §§ 83–84.] 4. Having merely nominal consideration (voluntary deed). — voluntariness, n.
bad faith, n. 1. Dishonesty of belief or purpose (the lawyer filed the pleading in bad faith). — Also termed mala fides (mal-[schwa] fI-deez). “A complete catalogue of types of bad faith is impossible, but the following types are among those which have been recognized in judicial decisions: evasion of the spirit of the bargain,
negotiorum gestio (ni-goh-shee-or-[schwa]m jes-chee-oh), n. [Latin “management of another’s affairs”] Roman & civil law. A quasi-contractual situation in which an actor (negotiorum gestor) manages or interferes in the business transaction of another person (dominus negotii) in that person’s absence, without authority but out of concern or friendship. La. Civ. Code art. 2292. • By such
first-sale doctrine. 1. Copyright. The rule that the purchaser of a physical copy of a copyrighted work, such as a book or CD, may give or sell that copy to someone else without infringing the copyright owner’s exclusive distribution rights. • With regard to that physical copy, the copyright owner’s distribution right is said to
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scienter n. 故意；明知 该词用于诉状中，表示被告的主观过错状态，即被告事先知道其行为将导致损害发生，或者其事先知道其有义务防止某种事实状态的发生，但因其疏忽而导致损害结果。在普通法上，欲使家畜所有人对家畜所造成的损害承担责任，必须证明被告知道其家畜有实施该种损害之恶习。关于这方面的证据被称为「举证明知」〔proving scienter〕。在英国，该种责任规定于1971年《动物法》〔Animals Act〕中。在有关虚假陈述〔misrepresentation〕中，实施虚假陈述一方当事人的明知是指其以欺诈意图而错误告知或疏漏重大事实。因干预他人履行合同而承担责任的〔liability for interference with the performance of a contract〕，其责任构成要件之一即为该当事人知道合同的存在。根据美国1934年《证券交易法》〔Securities Exchange Act〕和《10b-5规则》〔Rule 10b-5〕而对某一行为提起民事损害赔偿之诉的，该行为必须属于「明知」，这里的「明知」是指包含欺诈或操纵市场等意图的主观状态。 ad.故意地；明知地 该词原为拉丁文，其意同于knowingly。