act in the law 法律行为 指当事人意在创设、转让或消灭某一法律上的权利而作的意思表示，并且因此而具有法律效力。例如缔结合同、订立遗嘱、转让财产等均属法律行为。法律行为的构成要素包括行为人具有引起预期法律后果的合法权力、行为人依其意图为达到上述目的而作的指示、行为人意图的外在表示；在某些特定情况下，还须不存在某些消极因素，例如不违法、不违背公序良俗。法律行为可以是单方的〔unilateral〕，例如订立遗嘱，也可以是双方的〔bilateral〕，例如双方当事人缔结合同。该词亦作「juristic act」或「act of the party」，而与「act of the law」相区别。 (→act of the law)
actus legitimus (ak-t[schwa]s l[schwa]-jit-[schwa]-m[schwa]s). [Law Latin] Hist. An act in the law; a juristic act; specif., an act the performance of which was accompanied by solemn rituals.
collegium (k[schwa]-lee-jee-[schwa]m), n. [Latin] Roman law. An association of at least three people having the right to assemble and enact rules concerning membership, organization, and the rights and duties of members. • Collegia were formed for professional, cultural, charitable, and religious purposes. Pl. collegia. collegium illicitum (k[schwa]-lee-jee-[schwa]m i-lis-[schwa]-t[schwa]m). A collegium that either is not sanctioned
jus civile (j[schwa]s si-vI-lee). [Latin] Roman law. The traditional law of the city of Rome, beginning with the Twelve Tables and developed by juristic interpretation. • It covered areas of law restricted to Roman citizens, such as the formalities of making a will. Over time, the jus civile was modified by, for example, the jus
An act that is intended to create, transfer, or extinguish a right and that is effective in law for that purpose; the exercise of a legal power. — Also termed juristic act; act of the party; legal act.
Roman law. An A.D. 426 decree of Emperor Valentinian III listing Papinian, Paul, Gaius, Ulpian, and Modestinus as juristic writers who could be cited authoritatively in court. • If a majority of the writers agreed on an issue, the judge was bound to follow the majority view. The Law of Citations allowed the judge to
corporation n. (1)法人 该词的最初含义是指法人，即在法律上被认为是单一法律实体的、由个人组成的团体或一系列某一职位持有人。为了与自然人〔natural person〕相区别，法人有时又被称为「拟制的人」〔artificial person〕、「法律上的人」〔juristic person〕或「团体人」〔corporate person〕。法人与组成法人的所有个人在法律上的区别是，它有自身的法律人格，可以以自己的名义提起诉讼与被诉、拥有财产、进行交易、承担责任。在英国，最早被承认为法人的是市镇、大学与教职。在15世纪，法人与组成法人的成员开始被认为是相互独立的。在16世纪末到17世纪初，一些商业企业开始被创设为法人形式，例如，东印度公司〔East India Company〕、皇家非洲公司〔Royal African Company〕与哈得逊河湾公司〔Hudson’s Bay Company〕即是通过特许状而成立的法人。在英国法中，法人分为集合法人〔corporation aggregate〕与独体法人〔corporation sole〕两类。 (2)公司 在美国，该词通常在此义项上被使用，即指根据法律授权而可以以独立于股东的人格实施行为，并可以永续存在的一个实体(通常是商业实体)。在英国，该词多被用以指「市政法人」〔municipal corporation〕，即从事民用业务的市政当局。英国对应于「公司」义项者通常用「company」。
Citations, Law of. Roman law. An A.D. 426 decree of Emperor Valentinian III listing Papinian, Paul, Gaius, Ulpian, and Modestinus as juristic writers who could be cited authoritatively in court. • If a majority of the writers agreed on an issue, the judge was bound to follow the majority view. The Law of Citations allowed
Codex Gregorianus (koh-deks gri-gor-ee-ay-n[schwa]s). [Latin] Roman law. A collection of imperial con-stitutions compiled by the Roman jurist Gregorius and published in A.D. 291. — Also termed Gregorian Code. “The imperial enactments, rapidly increasing in number, covering, at hazard, the whole range of law, and, by reason of difficulties of communication and imperfect methods of promulgation,