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Slaughter-House cases

glossary / ,

Slaughter-House cases 〈美〉屠宰场案 美国最高法院于1873年4月14日以5比4作出判决的一起案件。此案由路易斯安那州〔Louisiana〕的一项立法所引起。1869年受贿的州立法机关授予克雷森特城牲畜装运及屠宰公司〔Crescent City Live-Stock Landing and Slaughter-House Company〕在新奥尔良〔New Orleans〕经营屠宰业务的垄断权，逾千名屠户被禁止在其住所〔premises〕屠宰牲畜，而这些业务都必须在该屠宰公司的住所进行。屠户不服诉诸法院，认为该公司的法律垄断权违反了美国宪法第十四条修正案〔Fourteenth Amendment〕，剥夺了每位屠户「购买产品或进行贸易，通过自由贸易维持自身及家庭」的权利。但最高法院却驳回了屠户的各项主张，给1870年批准的第十四条修正案中的新特权和豁免权〔Privileges and Immunities〕条款以致命一击，其否认正当程序〔Due Process〕或平等保护〔Equal Protection〕与保障曾为奴隶者权益之外的经济问题有任何关联。最高法院宣布第十四条修正案并不能成为各州有关本州公民民权〔civil rights〕的所有立法的永久审查官。此案是最高法院首次对第十四条修正案意义的解释，但受到了诸多批评。

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touch and stay

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touch and stay. Marine insurance. An insurer’s giving to the insured the right to stop and remain at certain designated points in the course of the voyage. • A vessel that has the power to touch and stay at a place must confine itself strictly to the terms of the permission given, and any deviation

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wharfage

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wharfage (worf-ij), n. Hist. 1. The fee paid for landing, loading, or unloading goods on a wharf. [Cases: Wharves 15. C.J.S. Wharves §§ 3, 6, 22.] 2. The accommodation for loading or unloading goods on a wharf.

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hedagium

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hedagium (h[schwa]-day-jee-[schwa]m), n. [Law Latin] Hist. A toll or custom due at a wharf for landing goods. • The Crown exempted particular persons and societies from this toll.

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levee

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levee (lev-ee), n. 1. An embankment constructed along the edge of a river to prevent flooding. 2. A landing place on a body of navigable water for loading and unloading goods or receiving and delivering passengers and boats.

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airspace

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airspace. The space that extends upward from the surface of land, esp. so far as is necessary for the owner or possessor to have reasonable use and enjoyment of the incidents of its ownership or possession. Cf. OUTER SPACE. national airspace. Int’l law. The pillar of air above a nation’s territory — including internal waters

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