relief n. (1)(税收)减免 在税法中，用来指在计算应纳税额时所作出的某些减免。 (2)救援；救助 特别指由国家向贫困者提供的财政帮助。 (3)救济；司法救济；法律救济 指法律尤其是法院所能给予的补偿、帮助、利益或保护等。尤其指当事人向法院要求给予的具有衡平法性质的补救措施，如签发禁制令〔injunction〕，要求特定履行〔specific performance〕。(→remedy) (4)继承金 封臣的继承人在继承遗产时向领主上缴的款项，在采邑法上，这是保有土地的一种附属义务，即保有人的继承人必须向领主缴纳一笔款项，以使其能继承其长辈的财产，并以此表示对领主权的承认。作为对此的回报，继承人对土地的世袭继承权便得到了领主的认可。(→poor person; welfare)
ready, willing, and able. (Of a prospective buyer) legally and financially capable of consummating a purchase. [Cases: Brokers 54; Specific Performance 87. C.J.S. Brokers §§ 152–154; Specific Performance §§ 104, 106–107, 109.] “ ‘READY, WILLING, AND ABLE’ — A phrase referring to a prospective buyer of property who is legally capable and financially able to
ready willing and able Read More »
mutuality of remedy (合同)救济的相互性 在衡平法上，如果合同一方当事人与对方当事人未在相同范围内受到约束，或其救济并非同样广泛，则其可能无法享有衡平法上的救济权。这里的衡平法救济，即指强制实际履行〔specific performance〕。通常，如果没有「救济的相互性」，则不能采用强制实际履行，亦即履行权必须是相互的。在双方合同〔bilateral contract〕中，每一方当事人均有权强制对方履行在合同中的允诺。
mutuality of remedy Read More »
astreinte 〈法〉强制执行 法国法中，对被告人本应实施而未实施的行为，通过对其迟延履行期间每日判处一定的罚金来强制其履行的程序。其作用类似于英国法中的禁制令〔injunction〕和特定履行〔specific performance〕。
A valid contract that, because of some technical defect, cannot be fully enforced; a contract that has some legal consequences but that may not be enforced in an action for damages or specific performance in the face of certain defenses, such as the statute of frauds. Cf. illegal contract; void contract. — Also termed agreement
unenforceable contract Read More »
mutuality of remedy. The availability of a remedy, esp. equitable relief, to both parties to a transaction, sometimes required before either party can be granted specific performance. See SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE. [Cases: Specific Performance 6. C.J.S. Specific Performance §§ 11–14.]
mutuality of remedy Read More »
A proceeding brought to enforce specific performance of a contract for the sale of land and for other purposes. • Though in the form of an ejectment action, this proceeding is in reality a substitute for a bill in equity. [Cases: Ejectment 156.]
equitable ejectment Read More »
action in equity 衡平法上的诉讼 原告为寻求衡平法上的救济(如禁制令、特定履行〔specific performance〕)而提起的诉讼，区别于为寻求损害赔偿而提起的普通法上的诉讼。现在此种诉讼方式已不复存在，如美国《联邦民事诉讼规则》〔Fed.Rules of Civil Procedure〕(Rule 2)规定只有一种诉讼形式——民事诉讼，包括原普通法上的诉讼和衡平法上的诉讼。
breach of contract 违反合同；违约 没有合法根据而不履行构成合同全部或部分的允诺，通常表现为拒绝履行、不履行、迟延履行或不当履行等形式。拒绝履行可以发生在合同履行当日，也可发生在合同履行之前，此时构成预期违约〔anticipatory breach〕。合同一方违约，另一方有权要求其承担违约损害赔偿责任，并有权解除或终止合同，在某些案件中还可经由法院作出强制履行〔specific performance〕判决使合同得以实际履行。(→damages；performance)
breach of contract Read More »
A court having jurisdiction over land-related matters including: (1) exclusive original jurisdiction of applications for registration of land titles and related questions, writs of entry and petitions to clear title to real estate, petitions to determine the validity and extent of municipal zoning ordinances, bylaws, and regulations, and proceedings for foreclosure and redemption from tax