adpromission (ad-pr[schwa]-mish-[schwa]n). [fr. Latin adpromissio] Roman law. 1. A suretyship contract in which the surety promises to be liable for no more than the debtor owes. • Roman law had three types of adpromission: (1) sponsion; (2) fidepromission; and (3) fidejussion. In addition, mandatum and pactum de con-stitutio could indirectly be used by way of […]
senatus consultum Velleianum (si-nay-t[schwa]s k[schwa]n-s[schwa]l-t[ schwa]m vel-ee-ay-n[schwa]m). [Latin “Velleian Decree”] Roman law. A senate decree, probably of A.D. 46, to protect women from making unconscionable guarantees, suretyship undertakings, or debt assumptions for their husbands and for others generally, by making actions to enforce such undertakings unlawful.
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cautionary obligation 〈苏格兰〉保证义务 指由于保证他人履约而产生的从属性义务，相当于英格兰法中的保证义务〔suretyship〕。保证义务有两种主要形式：适当保证，即保证人明确表示承担保证义务；不当保证，即主债务人及其保证人承担连带的保证义务。
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subsurety (s[schwa]b-shuur[-[schwa]]-tee). A person whose undertaking is given as additional security, usu. conditioned not only on nonperformance by the principal but also on nonperformance by an earlier promisor as well; a surety with the lesser liability in a subsuretyship. [Cases: Principal and Surety 191. C.J.S. Principal and Surety §§ 259–262, 265, 290.]
cosurety. A surety who shares the cost of performing suretyship obligations with another. See SURETY. [Cases: Principal and Surety 62, 191–200. C.J.S. Principal and Surety §§ 71, 259–280, 289–291.]
favorite of the law. A person or status entitled to generous and preferential treatment in legal doctrine. “It has long been said that the surety is a favorite of the law and his contract strictissimi-juris.” Laurence P. Simpson, Handbook on the Law of Suretyship 94 (1950).
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mainprise (mayn-prIz), n. [Law French, fr. Old French main “hand” + prise “taking”] Hist. 1. Delivery of a prisoner to the mainpernor. 2. A suretyship undertaking that makes the surety responsible for a prisoner’s appearance in court on a specified date and time. 3. A writ ordering the sheriff to release a prisoner after taking
voidable, adj. Valid until annulled; esp., (of a contract) capable of being affirmed or rejected at the option of one of the parties. • This term describes a valid act that may be voided rather than an invalid act that may be ratified. — Also termed avoidable. [Cases: Contracts 98, 136. C.J.S. Contracts §§ 137,
surety n. (1)保证；保证人 指按约定在债务人不能履行债务时，承担为该人履行债务责任的人。例如，甲对乙负有金钱之债，丙基于有效对价向乙允诺，在甲不能偿还时由其承担支付款项的义务，则丙即为主债务人〔principal debtor〕甲的保证人，而其允诺亦构成保证合同〔contract of suretyship〕。在英国，它与guarantor均为保证人，区别甚微，只是对前者的要求更为严格，通常须以盖印债务证书〔bond〕的形式作成才对保证人具有约束力，在司法程序中发生的保证，亦多采盖印债务证书或债务证书〔bond or recognisance〕的形式。在美国，它的含义广于guarantor，例如《统一商法典》〔U.C.C.〕第1-201条之 (40)即把guarantor作为它的一种。同时，在其他情况下，它与guarantor又有相当不同，而指连带责任保证人。如果保证人履行保证责任而清偿债务，则其获得向主债务人的代位求偿权。在数个保证人共同承担保证责任的情况下，其中一人履行了全部保证责任或超过其应当承担的份额的，则由其他共同保证人〔co-surety〕分担，即使其中一人已经破产的，亦可令其余有偿债能力的保证人分担全部保证责任。保证人就债权人对债务人的所有担保利益〔benefit of securities〕享有权利。因此，如果某一债务上既有保证证书，又有抵押〔mortgage〕作为担保，则保证人在承担保证责任清偿债务后，有权以抵押权人〔mortgagee〕的身份从设立抵押的财产中获得补偿。如果债权人对主债务人解除债务，则也免除保证人的责任，除非其保留对保证人起诉的权利。此外，债权人变更主合同的，或者在主合同未违约之前以新合同替代的，保证人的责任亦免除。 (2)〈美〉连带责任保证(人) 在美国判例法上，该词与一般保证人〔guarantor〕相区别。连带责任保证人与主债务人受同一文书的约束，同时生效并具有同一对价，故其在成立之始即是最初的允诺人与债务人，因此，其通常应对主债务人的任何违约行为承担责任。而一般保证合同〔contract of guarantor〕则是独立完成的，并没有主债务人的参加，它通常在主合同成立之前或之后达成，其对价与主合同对价亦相异。连带责任保证人与主债务人共同作出允诺，故其应承担第一顺位责任〔primary liability〕，债权人可直接要求其承担偿债义务。而一般保证人系单独作出允诺，故其只承担第二顺位责任〔secondary liability〕，只有在债权人对主债务人采取正当措施后才能要求其承担责任。概而言之，连带责任保证人是对他人债务或义务的保证，一般保证人是对主债务人具有偿债能力或支付能力的保证。 (→suretyship; guaranty; guarantor)
A company authorized to engage in the business of entering into guaranty and suretyship con-tracts and acting as a surety on bonds, esp. bail, fidelity, and judicial bonds. — Also termed guaranty company. [Cases: Bail 60; Principal and Surety 52. C.J.S. Bail; Release and Detention Pending Proceedings§§ 3, 101; Principal and Surety §§ 292, 295.]