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intimidation

intimidation, n. Unlawful coercion; extortion. • In England, intimidation was established as a tort in the 1964 case of Rookes v. Barnard, 1964 App. Cas. 1129 (P.C. 1964) (appeal taken from B.C.).[Cases: Extortion and Threats 34. C.J.S. Threats and Unlawful Communications §§ 29–31.] — intimidate, vb. — intimidatory, adj. — intimidator, n. “The wrong of […]

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House of Commons

House of Commons 〈英〉下议院;下院;平民院 英国两院制立法机构中,由选举产生的议院。虽为下院,但它实际上是两院中权力更大、作用更突出的议院。下议院源于13世纪,当时国王为满足自己的需要,从各郡召集两名骑士——之后是自治市〔borough〕的显要自由民(市民)——开会批准募征新的款项。1275年爱德华一世〔Edward I〕召开了他的「第一次大议会」〔first general Parliament〕,参加者不仅有国王的主要顾问即王国的伯爵〔earls〕、男爵〔barons〕和显要教土,而且有骑士、显要市民和普通市民。1325年以后国王定期召集各社区的代表或公社的代表(平民)前去开会。爱德华三世〔Edward Ⅲ〕统治时,为征收额外款项,他不得不定期召开议会,平民代表开始把款项的批准与纠正社会疾苦连接起来。14世纪,平民代表屡次有意与伯爵、男爵分庭开会,从而使议会最终发展为下议院〔House of Commons〕和上议院〔House of Lords〕。经过都铎王朝〔Tudors〕和斯图亚特王朝〔Stuart〕的发展,下议院逐步确立了其重要地位,尤其经过18世纪中后期扩大选民资格的改革,真正代表选民的下议院取得了两院中较高的地位。目前下议院共有650个议席,其中英格兰占523席,威尔士占38席、苏格兰72席、北爱尔兰有17席。下议院的职能主要有:1代表民意;2通过预算决议〔Budget resolutions〕和年度财政法案〔annual Finance Bill〕控制财政;3通过下列方法制定和控制政策:对女王的演说〔Queen’s Speech〕作出答覆;审议预算和统一基金法案〔Consolidated Fund Bills〕;提出实质性〔substantive〕动议和休会动议;向内阁提出质询;4讨论下列立法:公法案〔Public Bills〕,私法案〔Private Bills〕,委任立法;5通过特别委员会〔select committee〕监督行政机关。下议院审议和通过立法以历时已久的固定程序进行,包括:正式一读(提出法案时);二读,讨论并通过法案的基本原则;委员会阶段,法案被送至各个委员会——通常是常设委员会〔standing committee〕,有时是全院委员会〔Committee of the whole House〕详细讨论;报告阶段;对委员会所作的变动(及新的修正案)进行审议;三读,法案得到最终通过。下院随后还有可能考虑上院对该法案提出的修正案。

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maintenance

maintenance, n. 1. The continuation of something, such as a lawsuit. 2. The continuing possession of something, such as property. 3. The assertion of a position or opinion; the act of upholding a position in argument. 4. The care and work put into property to keep it operating and productive; general repair and upkeep. 5.

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grace period

grace period. 1. A period of extra time allowed for taking some required action (such as making payment) without incurring the usual penalty for being late. • Insurance policies typically provide for a grace period of 30 days beyond the premium’s due date, during which the premium may be paid without the policy being canceled.

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vicinage

vicinage (vis-[schwa]-nij). [Law French “neighborhood”] 1. Vicinity; proximity. 2. The place where a crime is committed or a trial is held; the place from which jurors are to be drawn for trial; esp., the locale from which the accused is entitled to have jurors selected. — Also termed vicinetum (vis-[schwa]-nee-t[schwa]m). [Cases: Criminal Law 108; Jury

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违约金

违约金 英语:liquidated damages 法语:dommages-intérêts fixés dans le contrat 德语:vertraglich vereinbarter Schadensersatz 意大利语:liquidazione convenzionale preventiva dei danni 西班牙语:estimación contractual de daños y perjuicios

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