Bureau of Consular Affairs. A unit in the U.S. Department of State responsible for protecting U.S. citizens and interests abroad. • Through its Office of Passport Services it issues over 7 million passports each year.
bureau of consular affairs Read More »
scènes à faire (sen ah fair). [French “scenes for action”] Copyright. Standard or general themes that are common to a wide variety of works and are therefore not copyrightable. • Examples of scènes à faire are obvious plot elements and character types. [Cases: Copyrights and Intellectual Property 12(2).]
fair-trade agreement. A commercial agreement that a seller will sell all of a producer’s goods at or above a specified minimum price. • Fair-trade agreements were valid until 1975, when the Consumer Goods Pricing Act made them illegal. 15 USCA §§ 1, 45.
fair trade agreement Read More »
A hearing that is not conducted in accordance with due process, as when the defendant is denied the opportunity to prepare or consult with counsel. [Cases: Constitutional Law 251.6. C.J.S. Constitutional Law §§ 968, 1165–1166, 1168–1169.]
fair consideration 公平的对价；合理对价 １对价在价值上相当于所交换之物；在下列任一情况下获得对方财物或义务所给付的对价：为交换财物或义务诚信地给付的对价；或为他人当前贷款或先前债务提供担保而诚信地收受对方的财物或义务，其对价在数量上不是不成比例地少于所收受的财物或义务。也称「公平合理的对价」〔fair and valuable consideration〕；２诚信、合理、无可怀疑的对价，但并非绝对充分。该术语在防止欺诈性转移财产的法律，尤其是破产法中有特别重要的意义。(→fair and valuable consideration)
fair consideration Read More »
fair wages clause 〈英〉公平工资条款 1891年、1909年及1946年英国下议院多次通过公平工资决议〔Fair Wages Resolution〕，并得到政府、英国僱主联盟及英国工会大会〔Trades Union Congress〕的同意，以该决议为政府部门与承包人订立合同的标准。它要求承包人通过当地同行业的工商界的僱主与工会代表进行谈判，承认工人加入工会的自由及工人的工资不低于当地同行业的工资水平。这些决议最初系针对「血汗劳工」〔sweated labour〕的使用。只有承包人同意上述条件，政府部门才能与之缔约。
A foreclosure sale or other judicial sale conducted with fairness toward the rights and interests of the affected parties. [Cases: Judicial Sales 1; Mortgages 380. C.J.S. Judicial Sales §§ 2–5, 11; Mortgages §§ 490–491, 495, 690–691, 695, 697.]
fair use doctrine 合理使用原则 指非版权所有人未经版权人同意而以某种合理方式使用其作品的特权〔privilege〕，尽管版权人享有作品垄断权。另一种观点则认为它是针对版权侵权的抗辩〔defense〕，作为衡平法规则，已由来已久，它将某些版权侵权行为视为不构成侵权。美国1978年《版权法》〔Copyright Act〕规定了法院确认某一案件是否构成合理使用抗辩的4项要素：１被指控使用行为的目的和特征；２有版权作品的本质；３所使用部分在整个作品中的重要性；４被指控使用行为对有版权作品的潜在市场或价值的影响。国会将上述4项判断标准视为「衡平利益」的指南，而非「限定性或确定性」的检测手段。而最高法院认为上述第4项标准是判断合理使用的唯一最重要的因素。在英国，则多使用「fair dealing」表示「合理使用」，并在1956年《版权法》〔Copyright Act〕中有规定，现行的1988年《版权、外观设计与专利法》〔Copyright，Designs and Patents Act〕即规定了若干具体的合理使用行为，见该法第1编(版权)第3章(对有版权作品允许实施的行为)，即第28条及以下诸条。
Bureau of Indian Affairs. A unit in the U.S. Department of the Interior responsible for helping Indian and Alaskan native people manage their affairs under the trust relationship with the U.S., and for promoting programs for their benefit. • Originally created as part of the War Department in 1824, the Bureau was transferred to the
bureau of indian affairs Read More »
statute fair. Hist. A fair during which the fixed labor rates are announced and laborers of both sexes offer themselves for hire. — Also termed mop.