departure, n. 1. A deviation or divergence from a standard rule, regulation, measurement, or course of conduct (an impermissible departure from sentencing guidelines). downward departure. In the federal sentencing guidelines, a court’s imposition of a sentence more lenient than the standard guidelines propose, as when the court concludes that a criminal’s history is less serious […]
humanitarian law. Int’l law. Law dealing with such matters as the permissible use of weapons and other means of warfare, the treatment of prisoners of war and civilian populations in armed conflicts, and generally the direct impact of war on human life and liberty. • Most existing rules composing humanitarian law are codified in the
protecting power. Int’l law. A country responsible for protecting another country’s citizens and interests during a conflict or a suspension of diplomatic ties between the citizens’ country and a third party. • After a protecting power is accepted by both belligerents, it works to ensure the proper treatment of nationals who are in a belligerent’s
Geneva Conventions 〔总称〕《日内瓦公约》 1846年至1949年间在日内瓦签订的关于减轻战争对军人和平民造成的损害的一系列国际条约。1864年制订《改善战时伤病员待遇公约》〔Convention for the Amelioration for the Wounded in Time of War〕，1906年经修订后得到广泛批准，1899年和1907年海牙会议将其扩展适用于海战。1929年签订《关于战俘待遇公约》〔Convention Relating to the Treatment of Prisoners of War〕这些早期的公约在两次世界大战中并未得到遵守。1949年签订「日内瓦四公约」，进一步扩大并发展了此前所确立的原则。
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cartel (kahr-tel), n. 1. A combination of producers or sellers that join together to control a product’s production or price. 2. An association of firms with common interests, seeking to prevent extreme or unfair competition, allocate markets, or share knowledge. [Cases: Monopolies 12(1.14, 1.16).C.J.S. Monopolies §§ 54–55, 73–74, 77, 80–82, 85, 87, 93, 105, 143,
aid and comfort. Help given by someone to a national enemy in such a way that the help amounts to treason. [Cases: Treason 6. C.J.S. Treason § 8.] “Aid and comfort may be given in various ways, such as buying a vessel and fitting it for service in aid of the enemy, delivering prisoners and
AID.abbr. 1. See artificial insemination by donor under ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION . 2. UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. aid, n. Hist. 1. A subsidy or tax granted to the king for an extraordinary purpose. — Also termed grant-in-aid. 2. A benevolence or tribute (i.e., a sum of money) granted by the tenant to his lord
peine forte et dure (pen for tay doororpayn fort ay dyoor). [French “strong and hard punishment”] Hist. The punishment of an alleged felon who refused to plead, consisting of pressing or crushing the person’s body under heavy weights until the accused either pleaded or died. “In all other felonies, however, the punishment of peine forte
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flag, n. 1. A usu. rectangular piece of cloth, bunting, or other material decorated with a distinctive design and used as a symbol or signal. 2. Something symbolized by the display of a flag, such as a ship or nationality. See DUTY OF THE FLAG; LAW OF THE FLAG. flag of convenience. Int’l law. A
glove silver. Hist. Money given as an incentive or reward to a court officer, esp. money given by a sheriff to an assize official when no prisoners were left by the assize for execution. • The name derives from the practice of giving money to servants, ostensibly to buy gloves with.