rejoining allegation
rejoining allegation 原告的辩驳 教会法上遗嘱案件中当事人的辩驳，相当于普通法诉讼中的「replication」。
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Search Results for: REPLICATION
counterplea
counterplea n. 反答辩 在英国的不动产诉讼中，被告在答辩中请求传某人到庭对其权利予以担保或请求由产业更大者予以支持或第三人对该土地主张权利，这些都被称为反答辩。若被告的请求得到法庭许可，担保人到庭并要求被告说明为什么要其作担保的理由，被告陈述了自己的理由后，担保人针对其陈述所作的关于自己不应为其作担保的答辩，即被称为担保的反答辩。 (→replication)
biological material
biological material. Patents. Patentable microorganisms — such as bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses — that are capable of self-replication. • To satisfy the Patent Act’s enablement requirement, biological material that is the subject of a U.S. patent application must be deposited in an appropriate cell depository before the patent is granted. [Cases: Patents 14.
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pleading
pleading n. (1)诉讼文件；诉状 诉讼当事人交替向法庭及对方提交的书面文件，以提出诉讼请求、陈述诉讼理由或进行答辩。旧时普通法诉讼中的诉状包括原告的起诉状〔declaration〕、被告的答辩状〔plea〕、原告的答辩状〔replication〕、被告的次轮答辩状〔rejoinder〕、原告的次轮答辩状〔surrejoinder〕、被告的三轮答辩状〔rebutter〕、原告的三轮答辩状〔surrebutter〕。衡平法诉讼中的诉状包括原告的起诉状〔bill of complaint〕、被告的各种答辩状〔demurrer, plea, answer or disclaimer〕或其混合形式、原告的答辩状〔replication〕等。目前在英国高等法院的诉讼程序中，起诉状、被告答辩状及原告答辩状分别称为statement of claim, statement of defence和reply，其后的诉状仍旧沿用普通法诉讼中的名称。在美国，普通法上严格的诉状体系已大大得到简化，其作用也已大大降低，对事实及争议点的限定通过披露程序〔discovery〕及审前会议〔pretrial conference〕完成。根据《联邦民事诉讼程序规则》〔Federal Rules of Civil Procedure〕，诉状包括起诉状〔complaint〕、答辩状〔answer〕、反诉答辩状〔reply to a counterclaim〕、交叉诉讼答辩状〔answer to a cross-claim〕、第三方起诉状〔third party complaint〕及第三方答辩状〔third party answer〕。在诉讼过程中提交或使用的申请书〔motions〕、律师辩论意见书〔briefs〕、宣誓书〔affidavits〕等属于广泛意义上的法庭文件〔court papers〕，而不属于诉状。 (2)诉答；诉答程序确定和缩小诉讼争点〔issues〕范围的程序，当事人在此阶段通过提交正式书状来阐明其各自的主张。 (3)诉答规则 规范和调整原告起诉和被告答辩的法律规则。 (4)撰写诉状的技巧；辩护术
special pleading
special pleading. 1. The common-law system of pleading that required the parties to exchange a series of court papers (such as replications, rebutters, and surrebutters) setting out their contentions in accordance with hypertechnical rules before a case could be tried. • Often, therefore, cases were decided on points of pleading and not on the merits.