dominant contacts rule 最密切联系原则 根据该原则，法院得选择与某诉讼案件中所涉及的全部或部分因素具有最密切联系的地方的法律作为本案件的适用法律。该原则既是一个法律选择的指导原则，同时它更作为一个灵活的开放型的系属公式，大量出现于各种法律选择法中。该原则因其缺乏一个客观标准而只是允许法官在选择适用法时衡量政策和政治利益而受到批评。在选择何种连接点作为适用法律的基础方面，该原则不能向法官提供选择标准作为指导。
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nominal payee rule 〈美〉名义受款人规则 指按照《统一商法典》〔U.C.C.〕第3-405 (1)(b)条的规定，如果票据的出票人在票据上注明受款人，却具有使其对票据不拥有任何权利的意图时，那么任何人在该票据上所作的背书都是有效的。
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special-facts rule 特殊事实原则；特定情形原则 在公司法上，指公司董事或高级管理人员对在特定情形下进行股票交易的股东负有披露实质性内部信息的财产受托人义务。这类特殊情形包括股东缺乏商业技能、股份被特定少数人持有而不易确定其市场价值、董事或高级管理人员唆使股票交易等。该原则系多数情形原则的例外。 (→majority rule)
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rules of construction or interpretation 〈英〉解释规则 这些规则不同于法律规则，它们富有弹性，对于法规、契约和其他文件里的短语和词汇的含义不具有约束力，而仅是一种指导。如果这些规则的适用与有关短语和词汇的最合理含义不相符的话，就不能适用。根据这一首要原则，主要的解释规则或准则有：１按普通的、日常的意思解释短语和术语，除非它们是技术性法律用语，有其技术含义；２应结合英语语法规则理解词汇和短语；３它们在其上下文中必须有一致的解释，法规或契约要作为一个整体来看待，并应与相同主题的其他法规和契约相一致；４在法规的解释中，可以考虑其序言、长标题、各节的题目以及目录，但是不考虑旁注、标点及法令之下的短标题或图解或顺序。也可以考虑先前的法律陈述、解释条款的案例、惯例、标准教科书，但是不得考虑国际法、王室特别委员会报告或其他报告、白皮书或议会议事录。
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Criminal law. The doctrine holding that the victim of a murderous assault must choose a safe retreat instead of resorting to deadly force in self-defense, unless (1) the victim is at home or in his or her place of business (the so-called castle doctrine), or (2) the assailant is a person whom the victim is
disciplinary rule. (often cap.) A mandatory regulation stating the minimum level of professional conduct that a professional must sustain to avoid being subject to disciplinary action. • For lawyers, the disciplinary rules are found chiefly in the Model Code of Professional Responsibility. — Abbr. DR. Cf. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION. [Cases: Licenses 25. C.J.S. Agriculture § 4.5;
locality rule. 1. The doctrine that, in a professional-malpractice suit, the standard of care to be applied to the professional’s conduct is the reasonable care exercised by similar professionals in the same vicinity and professional community. [Cases: Health 620.] “With respect to medical doctors (and sometimes dentists and others), the standard of care has been
rule of the last antecedent. An interpretative principle by which a court determines that qualifying words or phrases modify the words or phrases immediately preceding them and not words or phrases more remote, unless the extension is necessary from the context or the spirit of the entire writing. • For example, an application of this
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subsequent-advance rule. Bankruptcy. The principle that a preferential transfer by the debtor will not be avoided or rescinded by the debtor’s bankruptcy trustee if (1) the creditor extended new value to the debtor after receiving the preferential transfer, (2) the new value is unsecured, and (3) the new value remains unpaid after its transfer. 11
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two-witness rule. 1. The rule that, to support a perjury conviction, two independent witnesses (or one witness along with corroborating evidence) must establish that the alleged perjurer gave false testimony. [Cases: Perjury 34. C.J.S. Perjury § 43.] 2. The rule, as stated in the U.S. Constitution, that no person may be convicted of treason without