consignment (k[schwa]n-sIn-m[schwa]nt). 1. The act of consigning goods for custody or sale. — Also termed (archaically) consignation. [Cases: Factors 5.] 2. A quantity of goods delivered by this act, esp. in a single shipment. 3. Under the UCC, a transaction in which a person delivers goods to a merchant for the purpose of sale, and […]
heir(s) n. (1)法定继承人 严格地说，该词仅指在无遗嘱的情况下继承遗产的人，而不包括根据遗嘱继承遗产的人。在更准确的意义上，1926年以前的英格兰和1965年以前的苏格兰中，该法定继承人仅指根据封建继承规则〔feudal rule of succession〕有权继承死者不动产的人，与继承死者不动产的遗嘱执行人〔executor〕或最近亲者〔next-of-kin〕相对。而所谓的封建继承规则，即以男性优先于女性、男性继承人中的长子继承制〔primogeniture〕以及代位继承〔representation〕为基础而确立的继承规则。1925年后的《遗产管理法》〔Administration of Estates Act〕将之废除，但对1926年以前使用「heir」一词的，仍依其原义。该词在美国也可指法定继承人，因此，它与其他表示法定继承人的词，如「heir at law」或「legal heir」同义，通常，仅该词即可表达法定继承人的意思。一般而言，在某人尚生存期间，并没有法定继承人，但在英文中却有若干术语对这种潜在的法定继承人〔potential heirs〕进行分类，如期待法定继承人〔expectant heir〕、将来法定继承人〔prospective heir〕(包括推定法定继承人〔heir presumptive〕和当然法定继承人〔heir apparent〕)。 (→prospective heir; heir presumptive; heir apparent) (2)继承人 在广泛意义上，指依遗嘱或法律继承死者财产的人〔successor〕。在大陆法上，该词指概括继承人〔universal successor〕,其中由遗嘱所创设的继承人称为「遗嘱继承人」〔testamentary heir〕,无遗嘱的最近亲者〔next-of-kin〕则称为「法定继承人」〔heir at law〕或「无遗嘱继承人」〔heir by intestacy〕,而普通法中的遗嘱执行人〔executor〕则在多方面对应于大陆法中的遗嘱继承人。 (→universal succession) (3)不动产法定继承人 严格言之，该词指无遗嘱时有权继承土地的人；无遗嘱的情况下有权继承动产的人，则称为动产法定继承人〔distributee〕或最近亲者。但此区别即使在一般的律师用语中亦已不再被遵循。
wealth maximization. A situation resulting from a change in the allocation of resources if the change benefits the winner — i.e., the one who benefits from the change — more than it harms the loser. • A situation in which all possible wealth-maximizing changes have occurred is described as Kaldor-Hicks efficient or as being potentially
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possibility of reverter. A reversionary interest that is subject to a condition precedent; specif., a future interest retained by a grantor after conveying a fee simple determinable, so that the grantee’s estate terminates automatically and reverts to the grantor if the terminating event ever occurs. • In this type of interest, the grantor transfers an
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patient’s bill of rights. A general statement of patient rights voluntarily adopted by a healthcare provider or mandated by statute, covering such matters as access to care, patient dignity and confidentiality, personal safety, consent to treatment, and explanation of charges. [Cases: Health 582.]
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Equal Pay Act. A federal law mandating that all who perform substantially the same work must be paid equally. 29 USCA § 206. [Cases: Labor Relations 1333. C.J.S. Labor Relations § 1184.]
Pennsylvania System 〈美〉宾夕法尼亚制 亦称费城制，由费城学会〔Philadelphia Society〕倡导的对犯人实行单独囚禁的监狱制度，以促使罪犯悔罪改过。1829年在费城的切里·希尔〔Cherry Hill〕东部州立监狱〔Eastern State Penitentiary〕首次试行。后其被奥本制〔Auburn System〕取代。
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maintenance fee. 1. A periodic payment required to maintain a privilege, such as a license. 2. A charge for keeping an improvement in working condition or a residential property in habitable condition. — Also termed maintenance assessment. 3. A fee charged for reinvesting earnings and dividends in mutual funds. 4. Patents. The periodic charge that
natural resource. 1. Any material from nature having potential economic value or providing for the sustenance of life, such as timber, minerals, oil, water, and wildlife. 2. Environmental features that serve a community’s well-being or recreational interests, such as parks. [Cases: Environmental Law 13.]
Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act. A 1980 federal statute whose purpose was to force states to use reasonable efforts (1) to avoid removing children from their homes, (2) to reunite families when children had been removed because of abuse or neglect, and (3) when reunification failed, to terminate parental rights and place the children
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