Conformity Act. Hist. An 1872 federal statute providing that the practice and procedure in federal district courts (other than in equity and admiralty matters) must conform to the practice and procedure used by the state courts for like cases. • The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (effective in 1938) superseded the Conformity Act. “[E]ven where […]
containment. Int’l law. The policy of restricting the ideological and territorial expansion of one’s enemy. • This was the basic philosophy of the United States during the Cold War.
A license to reproduce and synchronize a copyrighted musical composition with visual images that are not covered by the musical work’s copyright. • Synchronization rights are commonly associated with audiovisual productions, such as music videos or movies.
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propaganda. Int’l law. 1. The systematic dissemination of doctrine, rumor, or selected information to promote or injure a particular doctrine, view, or cause. 2. The ideas or information so disseminated. • The word propaganda originated as an abbreviated form of Congregatio de propaganda fide, a committee (of cardinals) for propagating the (Christian) faith. defamatory propaganda.
consideratum est per curiam (k[schwa]n-sid-[schwa]-ray-t[schwa]m est p[ schwa]r kyoor-ee-[schwa]m). [Latin] Hist. It is considered by the court. • This was the formal language preceding the judgment of a common-law court. — Sometimes shortened to consideratum est. Cf. IDEO CONSIDERATUM EST. “A judgment is the decision or sentence of the law, given by a court of
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assize n. (1)〈英〉条例；法令；法 古代用来指称一些立法文件，如「Assize of Bread」、「Assize of Clarendon」、「Assize of the Forest」等。 (2)〈英〉(为解决土地占有或地产权利而举行的)审判或(进行的)诉讼及与此相关的程序、(为此而召集的)咨审团及其成员；巡回审判 「assize」源于拉丁文「assideo」，意为「坐在一起」〔sit together〕，后来的巡回陪审可能即源于此。亨利二世时代的一项法令规定，在有关土地占有和地产权利〔seisin and title to land〕的诉讼中，可以由郡长召集本郡4名骑士，由他们和他们所挑选的12名知情人共同组成16人的咨审团经宣誓后回答法官的提问和向法官陈述实情。这种诉讼、程序及咨审团组织均可称为「assizes」。在这一类诉讼中，有些诉讼的名称来源于争议的客体，如「共牧权之诉」〔assize of common of pasture〕；但更多的则来源于争议的起因，如「新侵占之诉」〔assize of novel disseisin〕等。《大宪章》〔Magna Carta〕规定，新侵占之诉和收回继承地之诉〔assize of mort d’ancestor〕应在争议地产所在郡开庭，为此皇家民事法庭每年都要向各郡派出巡回法官〔justices of assize〕前往主持开庭。后来1285年《初审条例》〔Statute of Nisi Prius〕规定，巡回法官应当在案件发生地听审案件，然后将陪审团的裁决送回威斯敏斯特以供中央法庭作出判决，这样在巡回法官面前进行的民事诉讼被称为是在巡回法庭开庭〔to take place at the assizes〕。巡回法官每次派出时都会得到王室的委任状，普通委任状每年两次发给高等法院的法官，一般是每一巡回区派出两名法官；特别委任状是针对特定事项而发给特定法官的。过去巡回法官的委任状分为独立的四种：１刑事听审委任状〔commission of oyer and terminer〕；２提审囚犯委任状〔commission of gaol delivery〕；３巡回初审委任状〔commission of nisi prius〕；４治安委任状〔commission of the peace〕。另外曾经还有一种被称为巡回审判委任状〔commission of assize〕，它指令法官依据巡回审令状〔writ of
pro bono (proh boh-noh), adv. & adj.[Latin pro bono publico “for the public good”] Being or involving uncompensated legal services performed esp. for the public good (took the case pro bono) (50 hours of pro bono work each year). [Cases: Attorney and Client 132. C.J.S. Attorney and Client §§ 299–303.] “The bar in this country