business-judgment rule. Corporations. The presumption that in making business decisions not involving direct self-interest or self-dealing, corporate directors act on an informed basis, in good faith, and in the honest belief that their actions are in the corporation’s best interest. • The rule shields directors and officers from liability for unprofitable or harmful corporate transactions […]
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front-foot rule. The principle that an improvement cost is to be apportioned among several properties in proportion to their frontage, without regard to the benefits conferred on each property. — Also termed front-foot plan. [Cases: Municipal Corporations 469. C.J.S. Municipal Corporations §§ 1281–1283, 1285.]
no-eyewitness rule. Torts. The largely defunct principle that if no direct evidence shows what a dead person did to avoid an accident, the jury may infer that the person acted with ordinary care for his or her own safety. • In a jurisdiction where the rule persists, a plaintiff in a survival or wrongful-death action
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rule of law (1)法律原则 经有权机关批准认可，通常以基本原理〔maxim〕或者逻辑命题〔logic proposition〕的形式表达的、具有普适性的法律原则。之所以称为「原则」，是因为其在有疑问的案件中作出判决时所起到的指导或规范作用。因对法律原则的具体适用过程中不允许有自由裁量权，因此该项原则有时又被称为「法律至上」〔supremacy of law〕。 (2)法治 与人治相对，与「以法而治」〔rule by law〕相区别，与前者的区别在于法治是以法律而非个人的意志决策的依据；与后者的区别在于在法治中法律已被视作一种价值取向而不仅仅是一种治理的工具。「法治」是一个极端重要的概念，其历史与西方文明差不多同样悠久。但其具体含义依语境的变化而有所不同。最常见的含义是指与恣意的人治相对，根据现存既定规则(法律)进行的治理。第二个含义是指「法律之下的治理」〔rule under law〕，即无任何人或政府机构凌驾法律之上或者超越于法律许可之外。第三个含义是指治理应符合更高的法律〔rule according to a higher law〕，即，任何成文法律如果不符合某些非成文的、然而普遍存在的公正、道德性和正义等原则，则政府不得强制执行。这些含义意味着法律作为规则尽管具有某些功能性作用，但并不表明它是作为一种纯粹的工具而存在的。它实际上暗含了对于公民个体的至上价值和尊严的尊重。
Federal Rules Enabling Act. A 1934 statute granting the U.S. Supreme Court the authority to adopt rules of civil procedure for federal courts. • For the rulemaking power of federal courts today, see 28 USCA §§ 2071, 2072. See also Fed. R. Civ. P. 83; Fed. R. Crim. P. 57. [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure 31.]
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best-evidence rule. The evidentiary rule providing that, to prove the contents of a writing (or a recording or photograph), a party must produce the original writing (or a mechanical, electronic, or other familiar duplicate, such as a photocopy) unless it is unavailable, in which case secondary evidence — the testimony of the drafter or a
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rule of capture. 1. The doctrine that if the donee of a general power of appointment manifests an intent to assume control of the property for all purposes and not just for the purpose of appointing it to someone, the donee captures the property and the property goes to the donee’s estate. • One common
unit rule. 1. Securities. A method of valuing securities by multiplying the total number of shares held by the sale price of one share sold on a licensed stock exchange, ignoring all other facts about value. 2. Parliamentary law. A convention’s rule that lets a delegation’s majority cast the entire delegation’s votes. Cf. instructed delegate
antichurning rule. Tax. A statutory or regulatory provision that denies certain tax advantages, esp. accelerated depreciation and amortization schedules, to taxpayers who acquire property in a transaction that does not result in a significant change in the property’s ownership or use. See CHURNING(2).
rulers of England 历代英王英王在位年限〔British Regnal Years〕 盎格鲁-撒克逊王朝〔Saxon Line〕埃伯格〔Egbert〕802-839；埃塞尔夫〔Ethelwulf〕839-857；埃塞巴德〔Ethelbald〕857-860；埃赛伯特〔Ethelbert〕860-866；埃塞尔雷德一世〔Ethelred Ⅰ〕866-871；阿尔弗列德大帝〔Alfred the Great〕871-899；长者爱德华〔Adward Ⅰ the Elder〕899-924；埃塞斯坦〔Ethelstan〕924-940；埃德蒙一世〔Edmund Ⅰ〕940-946；埃德列德〔Edred〕946-955；埃德威〔Edwy〕955-959；埃德加〔Edgar〕959-975；殉教者爱德华〔Edward Ⅱ the Martyr〕975-978；无策者埃塞尔雷德二世〔Ethelred Ⅱ the Unready〕978-1016；刚勇者埃德蒙〔Edmund Ⅱ Ironside〕1016。 丹麦王朝〔Danish Line〕克努特〔Canute/Cnut〕1016-1035；哈罗德一世〔Harold〕1035-1040；哈特克内特〔Hardicanute/Harthacnut〕1040-1042。 撒克逊王朝〔Saxon Line〕忏悔者(笃信者)爱德华〔Edward the Confessor〕1042-1066；哈罗德二世〔Harold Ⅱ〕1066。 诺曼底王朝〔House of Normandy〕征服者威廉一世〔William Ⅰ the Conqueror〕1066.10.14-1087.9.9；威廉二世〔William Ⅱ〕1087926-110082；亨利一世〔Henry Ⅰ〕110085-1135121；斯蒂芬〔Stephen〕11351226-11541025。 金雀花(安茹)王朝〔House of Plantagenet〕亨利二世〔Henry Ⅱ〕11541219-118976；狮心王理查一世〔Richard Ⅰ〕1189923-119946；无地者约翰〔John Lackland〕1199.5.27-1216.10.19; 亨利三世〔Henry Ⅲ〕12161028-12721116；爱德华一世〔Edward Ⅰ〕12721120-130777；爱德华二世〔Edward Ⅱ〕130778-1327125；爱德华三世〔Edward Ⅲ〕1327125-1377621；理查二世〔Richard Ⅱ〕1377622-1399930。 兰开斯特王室〔House of Lancaster〕亨利四世〔Henry Ⅳ〕1399930-1413320；亨利五世〔Henry Ⅴ〕1413321-1422831；亨利六世〔Henry