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fine

fine n. (1)罚金 刑法中指对罪犯征收一定数额金钱的刑罚,可作为判处监禁的附加刑。罚金的数额由法律规定。现代立法要求法院判处罚金时考虑被告人的支付能力、被告人的家庭负担以及对补偿被害人损失的影响。 (2)罚款 包括俱乐部、互助会等社会团体对其成员因行为不当、过失所作出的经济上的处罚。 (3) 〈英〉(封建法)封地易主费 指封臣基于封地易主——无论是实际持有人还是领主的变更,向其领主交纳的费用,最通常的一种是领主接纳〔admittance〕新附庸时由后者缴纳的费用,在封地易手、领主死亡和其他情况下交纳的款项也包括在内。这种费用于1660年废除。近代存在的重要的情形是公簿地产保有人〔copyholder〕在转让其地产时向其领主交纳的费用。 (4) (英格兰古法)协议诉讼 1833年前存在一种拟制司法程序,它被广泛地应用于土地转让,其实这是一种关于被转让土地的拟制和解诉讼,这种运作被称为征收「土地转让金」〔levying a fine〕。其过程如下:签发诉讼起始令〔praecipe〕——通常是违约令状〔writ of covenant〕,双方出庭应诉,然后经法庭的允许达成协议,使争议土地归属于一方。该协议落实到文字上并登录入卷后,便具有了(法庭)判决的效力。为了完成这一协议诉讼,相关令状会发给争议土地所在郡之郡长——正如在执行普通诉讼之判决那样,由他将争议土地移交给权利获得方,若后者已占有该土地,则此相关令状可以免发。协议诉讼包括五个部分:首先是签发诉讼开始令;然后是法庭批准双方和解〔licence to agree; licencia concordandi〕,并支付令状中所规定的「令后金」〔post fine〕;第三部分是达成协议,确认土地归属;第四部分是由和解协议保管官〔chirographer〕起草诉讼程序之纪录;第五部分是签署上述程序记录。该记录由当事人双方各自保存,作为协议诉讼的合法证据,并成为土地购买者的权利证书〔title deeds〕。在该诉讼中,受让土地的一方被称为控告方〔complainant〕或被认可方〔conusee〕,转让一方被称为非法持有人〔deforciant〕或认可方〔conusor〕。协议诉讼主要是为了将在一定期间内提出的针对土地的相反权利请求予以终止,为此需要在连续的四个开庭期间内公开、严肃地予以宣示,并征收土地转让费。常见的情形是通过封赠获得非限嗣继承之封地的封臣想通过协议诉讼阻却回复地产权人〔reversioner〕的权利,另外还有限嗣继承地产保有人用协议诉讼来中断地产的限嗣继承性质,从而阻却特定继承人的权利以及已婚妇女借此获取与丈夫共同转让地产的权利等情形。协议诉讼包括下述四类:1认可通过封赠方式授予对方地产权〔fine sur conusance or cognizance de droit come ceo qu’il ad de son done; fine on acknowledgment of right as that which he had of his gift〕,主要转让非限嗣继承地产权或自由保有地产权;2认可转让回复地产权或剩余地产权〔fine sur cognizance de droit tantum; fine on […]

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declaratory theory

declaratory theory. The belief that judges’ decisions never make law but instead merely constitute evidence of what the law is. • This antiquated view — held by such figures as Coke and Blackstone — is no longer accepted. “There are … at least three good reasons why the declaratory theory should have persisted for some

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offense against property

A crime against another’s personal property. • The common-law offenses against property were larceny, embezzlement, cheating, cheating by false pretenses, robbery, receiving stolen goods, malicious mischief, forgery, and uttering forged instruments. Although the term crimes against property, a common term in modern usage, includes crimes against real property, the term offense against property is traditionally

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denial

denial, n. 1. A refusal or rejection; esp., a court’s refusal to grant a request presented in a motion or petition (denial of the motion for summary judgment). 2. A defendant’s response controverting the facts that a plaintiff has alleged in a complaint; a repudiation (the worker filed a denial alleging that physical contact never

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sovereignty

sovereignty (sahv-[[schwa]-]rin-tee). 1. Supreme dominion, authority, or rule. [Cases: International Law 8. C.J.S. International Law §§ 25–28.] popular sovereignty. A system of government in which policy choices reflect the preferences of the majority of citizens. state sovereignty. See STATE SOVEREIGNTY. 2. The supreme political authority of an independent state. 3. The state itself.“It is well

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felonia

felonia (f[schwa]-loh-nee-[schwa]). [Latin “felony”] Hist. An offense that results in a vassal’s forfeiting his fee. “The attempt to derive felonia from fel ‘poison’ is merely a folk etymology which came into vogue when ‘felony’ meant a serious crime, and differed from treason. The word was well established in Feudal Law as the characteristic offense against

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desertion

desertion, n. The willful and unjustified abandonment of a person’s duties or obligations, esp. to military service or to a spouse or family. • In family law, the five elements of spousal desertion are (1) a cessation of cohabitation, (2) the lapse of a statutory period, (3) an intention to abandon, (4) a lack of

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superseding cause

superseding cause 替代原因;介入原因 指由于第三人的行为或其他外力等不可预见的因素介入,打破了原来的因果链条〔chain of causation〕,并成为导致结果发生的最近的一个原因,从而使得原来的行为人,虽然其先前的疏忽是造成该损害结果发生的一个实质性因素,但由于该原因的介入而免于承担责任。 (→intervening cause; supervening negligence)

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vexatious delay

vexatious delay. An insurance company’s unjustifiable refusal to satisfy an insurance claim, esp. based on a mere suspicion but no hard facts that the claim is ill-founded. — Also termed vexatious refusal to pay; refusal to pay. [Cases: Insurance 3336. C.J.S. Insurance §§ 1163, 1342, 1576, 1578–1581.]

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