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Approbation des Loix

Approbation des Loix 《法律御准》 一部法律着作,其全名为《与诺曼底和根西岛古代习惯不同的根西岛法律、习惯与惯例之御准》〔Approbation des Loix, Coustume et Usages de l’Isle de Guernezey, differentes du Coustumier de Normandie, d’anciennete observes en ladite Isle〕。该书于1715年首次出版。它旨在描述1580年根西岛〔Guernsey〕上存在的法律与习惯。1581年,这些法律和习惯在枢密院〔Council〕得到伊丽莎白〔Elizabeth Ⅰ〕女王的批准。书中涉及民法、刑法以及它们与诺曼底习惯法的不同之处。不论其内容是否正确,该书目前仍是有关根西岛法律的主要资料来源。

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usucapio

usucapio 〈拉〉(罗马法) (1)时效取得 一种财产所有权的市民法取得方式。即通过一定期间内实际地、不间断地和善意地占有他人的或所有人不明的财产,从而取得所有权。《十二铜表法》〔Twelve Tables〕规定土地的占有期间为2年,其他物为1年。它与「时效」〔prescription〕非常相近。但是罗马法中的时效与英国法有别,不同之处在于恶意占有人〔mala fide possessor〕(即在占有财产时知道该财产为他人所有的人),无论经过多长时间,都不能仅以占有行为而取得所有权。时效取得的两个要件是:正当原因〔justa causa〕和善意〔bona fides〕。 (2)因时效而取得的财产

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local custom

A custom that prevails in some defined locality only, such as a city or county, and constitutes a source of law for that place only. — Also termed particular custom; special custom. [Cases: Customs and Usages 1–22. C.J.S. Customs and Usages §§ 1–48.]

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legal dictionaries

legal dictionaries 法律词典 定义或阐释专业性的法律用语或出现在法律文本中具有特定含义的词和词组的意义和用法的词典。当然,大多数英美普通词典对这些词语也作解释。思想和语言的精准是成功的法律词典的首要因素。法律词典的作用在于减少概念上的混乱、语言上的含混及遣词上的不准确。与法律词典功能类似的是那些论述词和词组在司法语境中特定含义的书籍。第一部主要的法律词典是1527年由约翰·拉斯特尔〔John Rastell〕编纂的《英格兰法定义解释》〔Expositiones Terminorum Legum Anglorum〕。现代英格兰法律词典主要有:约翰·J.S.沃顿〔John J.S. Wharton〕于1848年编纂的《法律词汇》〔Law Lexicon〕;查尔斯·斯威特〔Charles Sweet〕于1882年编纂的《英格兰法律词典》〔Dictionary of English Law〕;W.G.伯恩〔W.G.Byrne〕于1923年编纂的《英格兰法律词典》〔Dictionary of English Law〕;厄尔·乔伊特〔Earl Jowitt〕以沃顿和伯恩的词典为基础于1959年编纂的《英格兰法律词典》〔The Dictionary of English Law〕,该词典于1977年再版,名为《乔氏英格兰法律词典》〔Jowitt’s Dictionary of English Law〕,编者为约翰·伯克〔John Burke〕;E.R.哈迪艾维米〔E. R. Hardy Ivamy〕于1988年编纂的第十版《莫兹利与怀特利法律词典》〔Mozley and Whiteley’s Law Dictionary〕;约翰·S.詹姆斯〔John S. James〕于1986年主编的第五版五卷本《斯特劳德氏词与词组司法词典》〔Stroud’s Judicial Dictionary of Words and Phrases〕;以及约翰·B.桑德斯〔John B. Saunders〕于1969年总编的第二版五卷本《词与词组法律界定》〔Words and Phrases〕;戴维·M.沃克〔David M. Walker〕于1980年编纂的《牛津法律总览》〔The Oxford Companion to Law〕。现代美国法律词典主要有:约翰·布维尔〔John Bouvier〕于1839年编纂的《参照大陆法系和其他外国法系适用于美国法律及一些州法的法律词典》〔Law Dictionary

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inscription

inscription, n. 1. The act of entering a fact or name on a list, register, or other record. 2. An entry so recorded. 3. Civil law. An agreement whereby an accuser must, if the accusation is false, receive the same punishment that the accused would have been given if found guilty. — inscribe, vb. —

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king

King. English law. The British government; the Crown. “In modern times it has become usual to speak of the Crown rather than of the King, when we refer to the King in his public capacity as a body politic. We speak of the property of the Crown, when we mean the property which the King

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twelve tables

Twelve Tables. Roman law. The earliest surviving legislation enacted by the Romans, written on 12 tablets in the 5th century B.C. • The Tables set out many rights and duties of Roman citizens, including debtors’ rights, family law, wills, torts, civil procedure, and some public law. They substituted a written body of laws, easily accessible

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convention

convention. 1. An agreement or compact, esp. one among nations; a multilateral treaty (the Geneva Convention). See TREATY. [Cases: Treaties 1. C.J.S. Treaties § 2.] 2. A special deliberative assembly elected for the purpose of framing, revising, or amending a constitution. See CONSTITUTION (1). — Also termed constitutional convention. [Cases: Constitutional Law 8, 10. C.J.S.

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elements of crime

elements of crime 犯罪构成要件 指公诉方为支持公诉而必须予以证明的构成犯罪的要件。在普通法上,犯罪构成要件包括犯罪行为〔actus reus〕、因果关系〔causation〕和犯罪意图〔mens rea〕。美国《模范刑法典》〔Model Penal Code〕扩大了犯罪构成要件的范围,除犯罪行为、因果关系、犯罪意图外,还将决定罪行轻重的因素〔grading factors〕以及各种辩护理由的不能成立包括在内。

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