jactus lapilli (jak-t[schwa]s l[schwa]-pil-I). [Latin “the throwing down of a stone”] Roman law. A landowner’s throwing of a small stone onto a neighbor’s land to symbolically protest construction that could threaten the thrower’s interest. Cf. NOVI OPERIS NUNTIATIO.
Grenville Act. Hist. A statute that transferred jurisdiction of parliamentary election petitions from the whole House of Commons to select committees. • The Act was passed in 1770 and repealed in 1828.
A written promise to pay; a promissory note under seal. — Also termed single bond. See NOTE(1). [Cases: Bills and Notes 41. C.J.S. Bills and Notes; Letters of Credit § 5.]
billeta (bil-[schwa]-t[schwa]). Hist. A proposed statute or petition presented in Parliament.
execution of wills 遗嘱生效要件的完成 根据英国1837年《遗嘱法》〔Wills Act〕，遗嘱须由立遗嘱人在遗嘱末尾签字或由其在场并指示他人在遗嘱中代为签字，且经两位证人在场签字证明，始为有效。1852年《遗嘱法修正法》〔Wills Act Amendment Act〕对遗嘱签字作了灵活规定。另外，上述规则对现役军人或海上作业之海员并不适用 。(→executed will; attestation clause)
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A subservient and subsidiary guardianship in a state other than that in which guardianship is originally granted.
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Examiners of Private Bills 〈英〉有关私法案的审查者 指由议会上下两院各选一名议员担任，负责查明议会议事规程〔standing orders〕所要求的审议一项私法案的预备工作是否已经完成的人。审查的通知应送达提案人，提案人必须出席，否则，关于要求议会审议该项法案的申请将被取消。
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bill of Middlesex (英格兰古法)米德尔塞克斯令 早期王座法庭〔King’s Bench〕获取普通民事案件管辖权所使用的令状。王座法庭起初只对刑事案件及涉及国王利益的案件有管辖权，为获取对普通民事案件的管辖权——原为民诉法庭享有，它设计了一个拟制：原告先以侵权罪之名起诉被告，这样王座法庭便获取了管辖权，因为早期的侵权行为被视为犯罪。首先王座法庭要向它所在郡之郡长，即米德尔塞克斯郡郡长，发出米德尔塞克斯令逮捕被告，因被告一旦被押，则王座法庭便可开始提起对他的任何诉讼，这样王座法庭便获取了普通民事诉讼的管辖权。但被告并不总是在米郡，于是米郡郡长向王座法庭法官作拘押未果的回呈〔return of non est inventus〕，法官便再向被告所在郡之郡长签发潜逃令〔writ of latitat〕，令中重复了米德尔塞克斯令及回呈的内容，并责令他拘押被告，以便开始起初的真正的民事诉讼。实际上，若被告在外地则米德尔塞克斯令不签发，而只是直接签发潜逃令，于是潜逃令逐渐被视为米德尔塞克斯令了。该程序于1832年被废止，1833年后所有在高级法院的对人诉讼都由传唤令〔writ of summons〕开始。
bill of pains and penalties. A legislative act that, though similar to a bill of attainder, prescribes punishment less severe than capital punishment. • Bills of pains and penalties are included within the U.S. Constitution’s ban on bills of attainder. U.S. Const. art I, § 9. [Cases: Constitutional Law 82. 5. C.J.S. Constitutional Law §§
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A bill brought to set aside a decree. [Cases: Equity 430.]
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