corporal punishment 肉刑；身体刑；体罚 指施于肉体使之感受痛苦的刑罚或处罚方法，区别于财产刑或罚金，如鞭笞〔flogging〕、铁烙〔branding〕、断肢〔mutilation〕等，也可以包括监禁刑。早期对认为适用死刑尚无正当根据者以肉刑罚之是很普遍的。但英国自18世纪晚期以来肉刑的使用已大为减少，而作为对狱中违反监规的犯人的处罚措施却得到了最长时间的保留；关于父母或教师能否对子女或学生实行体罚则存在很大争论。在美国，尽管许多州的制定法禁止鞭打学生，美国最高法院的判决仍确认学校可以在合理的限度内使用体罚；而对于鞭笞他人，美国宪法第八条修正案将其视为一种「残忍且异常的处罚」形式而予以禁止。
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(1908) Muller v. Oregon (1908) 〈美〉穆勒诉俄勒冈州案 在该案中，美国最高法院支持俄勒冈州一项限制僱佣妇女工作时间的法律，并确认法院可以认定合理行使治安权的特殊情况。穆勒案已成为努力使法院意识到构成立法改革的社会-经济条件的范例；此案也因法院在证据方面接受了作为俄勒冈州律师的布兰代斯〔Brandeis〕提交的布兰代斯案情摘要〔Brandeis Brief〕而闻名。该摘要以与本案争议和长时间工作的影响有关的哲学、社会学、统计学和经济学数据的形式出现，因而其现在也成为那些要求立法变革和抗议特定社会条件者的样本。
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Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. A federally chartered corporation that protects farmers against financial losses from crop failure due to adverse weather conditions, insect infestation, plant disease, floods, fires, and earthquakes by encouraging the sale of insurance through licensed agents and brokers and by reinsuring private companies that issue insurance under brand names. • Created by
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Law French. The corrupted form of the Norman French language that arose in England in the centuries after William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066 and that was used for several centuries as the primary language of the English legal system; the Anglo-French used in medieval England in judicial proceedings, pleadings, and lawbooks. — Abbr.
dediticii (ded-i-tish-ee-Ior dee-di-tI-shee-I), n. pl.[Latin “those who have surrendered”] Roman law. The lowest class of freemen whose members were ineligible for Roman citizenship, including enemies granted freedom in exchange for surrender, or, under the Lex Aelia Sentia, manumitted slaves convicted of a crime in a court, or branded or put in chains by their former
secondary meaning. Intellectual property. A special sense that a trademark or tradename for a business, goods, or services has acquired even though the trademark or tradename was not originally protectable. • The term does not refer to a subordinate or rare meaning, but rather to a later meaning that has been added to the original
M. 1.abbr. MORTGAGE. 2. Hist. A letter engraved on a treasury note to show that the note bears interest at the rate of one mill per centum. 3. Hist. A brand placed on the left thumb of a person convicted of manslaughter who claimed the benefit of clergy.
品牌 英语：brand (name) 法语：marque de fabrique (de fabrication) 德语：Markenname 意大利语：marca di fabbrica, marchio 西班牙语：marca, nombre comercial
inspected and condemned 〈美〉经检查和没收的 (→U.S.brand)
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