inadequate remedy at law. A remedy (such as money damages) that does not sufficiently correct the wrong, as a result of which an injunction may be available to the disadvantaged party. See IRREPARABLE-INJURY RULE. [Cases: Injunction 17, 138. 9. C.J.S. Injunctions §§ 30–31.]
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third-party consent. A person’s agreement to official action (such as a search of premises) that affects another person’s rights or interests. • To be effective for a search, third-party consent must be based on the consenting person’s common authority over the place to be searched or the items to be inspected. See COMMON-AUTHORITY RULE.
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center-of-gravity doctrine. Conflict of laws. The rule that, in choice-of-law questions, the law of the jurisdiction with the most significant relationship to the transaction or event applies. — Also termed significant-relationship theory; grouping-of-contacts theory. [Cases: Action 17. C.J.S. Actions §§ 18–20; Conflict of Laws §§ 2–3, 12, 15, 20, 23, 27–32, 34–40, 42–48, 50–65, 96–97,
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procurationes ad resignandum in favorem (prok-y[schwa]-ray-shee-oh-neez ad rez-ig-nan-d[schwa]m in f[schwa]-vor-[schwa]m). [Law Latin] Hist. Procuratories of resignation in favor of the disponee of a vassal. • The phrase referred to the rule requiring a vassal’s resignation before a superior had to receive the disponee of a vassal to the property. See RESIGNATION(3).
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institution. 1. The commencement of something, such as a civil or criminal action. 2. An elementary rule, principle, or practice. 3. An established organization, esp. one of a public character, such as a facility for the treatment of mentally disabled persons. — Also termed public institution. [Cases: Mental Health 31–37. C.J.S. Insane Persons§§ 45–47, 49–54,
Federal Tort Claims Act. A statute that limits federal sovereign immunity and allows recovery in federal court for tort damages caused by federal employees, but only if the law of the state where the injury occurred would hold a private person liable for the injury. 28 USCA §§ 2671–2680. — Abbr. FTCA. See sovereign immunity
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West-Saxon law. Hist. A system of rules introduced by the West Saxons and one of the three principal legal systems prevailing in England in the beginning of the 11th century. • It was observed primarily in southern English counties from Kent to Devonshire. — Also termed West-Saxon lage. See MERCENLAGE; DANELAW.
The making of new legal rules by judges; JUDGE-MADE LAW(2).
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preliminary hearing 〈美〉预审 刑事诉讼中由法官来审查对被告人的指控是否有充分的证据，从而决定是否应将被告人交付审判的程序。预审应由法官来主持，在联邦是由联邦司法官〔federal magistrate〕来主持。在预审程序中要查明三点：１是否有犯罪发生；２犯罪是否发生在法院的地域管辖区内；３是否有可成立的理由〔probable cause〕使人相信是被告人实施了该犯罪。预审的主要目的在于防止将起诉依据不充分的案件交付审判。在美国，重罪案件〔felony case〕的被告人有权要求进行预审。在对重罪案件是以检察官起诉书〔information〕提出指控的州，预审通常是一个关键的程序，预审的结果将决定诉讼是否继续进行。如果通过预审发现存在可成立的理由，预审法官将决定对被告人是否保释，并裁决将被告人交付初审法院审判。在对重罪案件是以大陪审团起诉书〔indictment〕提起公诉的州，预审法官经过预审，如果认为指控存在可成立的理由，即将案件送交大陪审团审查决定是否正式签发起诉书。在美国，预审并非刑事诉讼中的必经程序，如《联邦刑事诉讼规则》〔Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure〕规定，若在联邦司法官确定的预审日期之前已对被告人以检察官起诉书或大陪审团起诉书在联邦地区法院提起公诉的，即不应再进行预审。此外，被告人也可以放弃预审而直接进入审判程序。轻罪案件〔misdemeanor case〕的被告人是否有权请求预审，各司法区的规定不一。如在联邦，轻罪案件的被告人即无此项权利。该词也称preliminary examination; probable cause hearing; examining trial; felony preliminary; bindover hearing。在英国，刑事诉讼中的预审程序称committal proceedings。
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duel. 1. TRIAL BY COMBAT. 2. A single combat; specif., a prearranged combat with deadly weapons fought between two or more persons under prescribed rules, usu. in the presence of at least two witnesses, to resolve a previous quarrel or avenge a deed. • In England and the United States, death resulting from a duel