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ancient demesne

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ancient demesne (英格兰古法)古地；古地自保 古地自保的庄园是那些在忏悔者爱德华〔Edward the Confessor, 1042-1066年在位〕和征服者威廉〔William the Conqueror, 1066-1087年在位〕统治时期就由国王实际直接占有的土地，在《末日审判书》〔Domesday〕中注明为「王地」〔terrae regis; terrae regis Eduardi〕。在这些土地上负农役〔socage〕的封臣被称为古地保有者〔tenants in ancient demesne〕。古地保有和其它保有比起来有以下不同：首先，1833年《不动产时傚法》〔Real Property Limitation Act〕之前，有关这种保有的诉讼只能在普通民事诉讼法庭〔Court of Common Pleas〕或在古地庄园法庭〔court of ancient demesne of the manor〕进行，后者由古地自保者组成类似于普通保有庄园中的封臣法庭〔court baron〕；其次，这类土地独立于领主意志之外而通过普通法转让方式转移；最后，基于这种保有还可以针对驱逐之诉〔ejectment〕提出程序上的抗辩。除了作为古地保有者的农役封臣外，古地上还有三种公簿地产保有人，对应三种不同方式的保有：１依国王特许状自由保有土地的人；２习惯公簿保有〔customary freeholds; customary leaseholds〕人，他们依习惯而非领主意志保有王地，尽管其转让要通过交回〔surrender〕或契据〔deed〕和认可〔admittance〕的方式进行；３依领主意志凭法庭记录的副本保有土地，又称为农奴公簿保有〔copyholds of base tenure〕人。在《末日审判书》中，关于某一特定庄园是否古地保有的记录是确定的，但关于某块土地是否属于某古地保有庄园则作为事实问题留给陪审团裁断。在古地自保中，土地上没有次一级和相冲突的利益，森林和矿藏属于古地自保者，对领主的义务均是固定的。 (→tenure; demesne; socage)

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extort

glossary /

extort, vb. 1. To compel or coerce (a confession, etc.) by means that overcome one’s power to resist. 2. To gain by wrongful methods; to obtain in an unlawful manner; to exact wrongfully by threat or intimidation. — extortive, adj.

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via

glossary /

via (vI-[schwa]), n. [Latin “way, road”] Roman & civil law. 1. A road, way, or right-of-way. via publica (vI-[schwa] p[schwa]b-li-k[schwa]). [Latin] Roman & civil law. A public way or road. • The land itself belongs to the public. 2. Roman law. A type of rural servitude that gave the holder the right to walk, ride,

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executory process

glossary /

executory process. Civil law. 1. A process that can be resorted to either (1) when the right of a creditor arises from an act importing a confession of judgment, and that contains a privilege or mortgage in the creditor’s favor, or (2) when the creditor demands the execution of a judgment that has been rendered

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coroner

glossary /

coroner (kor- orkahr-[schwa]-n[schwa]r). 1. A public official whose duty is to investigate the causes and circumstances of any death that occurs suddenly, suspiciously, or violently. See MEDICAL EXAMINER. [Cases: Coroners 1. C.J.S. Coroners and Medical Examiners § 2.] 2. Hist. A royal official with countywide jurisdiction to investigate deaths, to hold inquests, and to assume

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execution paree

glossary / ,

execution paree 〈法〉根据债务人承认所欠债款而对其财产所作的执行 法国法中的一种执行程序。按照这一程序，债务人自己承认欠有债务并同意接受要求自己偿还债务的判决时，债权人得不经传唤债务人，直接扣押和变卖债务人的财产，并以所得价款偿还债务人所欠债务 。(→confession of judgment)

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torture

glossary /

torture, n. The infliction of intense pain to the body or mind to punish, to extract a confession or information, or to obtain sadistic pleasure. — torture, vb. “By torture I mean the infliction of physically founded suffering or the threat immediately to inflict it, where such infliction or threat is intended to elicit, or

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damage cleer

glossary /

damage-cleer (dam-ij kleer), n. [fr. Latin damna clericorum “clerk’s compensation”] Hist. A set fee payable by a plaintiff to the Court of the Common Pleas, King’s Bench, or Exchequer before execution on an award of damages. • The fee — later abolished by statute — was originally a gratuity to the court clerks for preparing

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amicable scire facias to revive a judgment

glossary / ,

amicable scire facias to revive a judgment 使判决再生效的合意书 具有告知令状〔writ of scire facias〕性质的一种书面协议，由将受再生效判决拘束的人签字，并附具判决认诺书〔confession of judgment〕。协议须经正式记录在案，但无需法院再采取任何措施，即生判决之效力。

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