value date
value date. The date when the proceeds of a bill of exchange (e.g., a check) or of a foreign-exchange transaction (e.g., a sale of dollars for euros) become available for use. — Also termed here and there.
value date. The date when the proceeds of a bill of exchange (e.g., a check) or of a foreign-exchange transaction (e.g., a sale of dollars for euros) become available for use. — Also termed here and there.
Clerk of the Pells. Hist. An Exchequer officer who entered tellers’ bills on the parchment rolls (pells), one for receipts and the other for disbursements. — Also termed Master of the Pells.
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independent-significance doctrine. Wills & estates. The principle that effect will be given to a testator’s disposition that is not done solely to avoid the requirements of a will. • An example is a will provision that gives the contents of the testator’s safe-deposit box to his niece. Because the safe-deposit box has utility (“significance”) independent
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a quo invito aliquid exigi potest (ay kwoh in-vI-toh al-i-kwid ek-s[schwa]-jIpoh-test). [Latin] Scots law. From whom something may be exacted against his will. • The phrase appeared in reference to the position of a debtor under a legal obligation, as distinguished from his position under a natural, voluntary obligation.
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A maneuver by which a takeover target responds to a bidder’s offer by showing a willingness to negotiate but demanding a much higher price than that offered. • This is usu. an antitakeover tactic.
Dyarchy n. (1)双头政治 罗马帝国时期的政治体制,在此体制下,帝国统治权由皇帝和元老院分享。 (2)〈英〉二元政体 作为印度宪法改革方案被提出并被1919年《印度政府体制法》〔Government of India Act〕采纳的政府体制。该体制将英属印度领地的行政权分交专权机构〔authoritarian sections〕和民主机构共享,前者由英王任命的协政官〔councillors〕组成,后者由总督任命的部长〔ministers〕组成并向领地议会负责。这标志着英属印度领地的最高行政机构中实行了民主制度。1935年英属印度领地完全取得自治时,这种体制遂告终结。
costs of collection. Expenses incurred in receiving payment of a note; esp., attorney’s fees created in the effort to collect a note. [Cases: Bills and Notes 534. C.J.S. Bills and Notes; Letters of Credit§§ 238, 297, 306, 312–328, 339.]
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trade name 商号;商业名称 指在经营过程中用以确认和区分某一公司、合伙或其他经营组织的名称、记号或标志。商号是用以促进销售、建立商誉〔goodwill〕的手段,也是其经营声誉的象征。它与具有区别商品来源功能的商标〔trademark〕在功能上有所不同。该词亦写作「commercial name」。
Court of Session 〈苏格兰〉最高民事法院 苏格兰的最高民事审判机构。苏格兰最高民事审判机构的发展经历了一个很长的历史时期。在苏格兰,民事司法起初由首席司法官〔justiciar〕实施,12世纪末出现了一个皇家司法委员会负责这方面的事务;独立战争之后该委员会无论在国会内外好像一直都在听审案件,在接下来的一个世纪,一些专门的委员会经常被指派听审诉讼。1425年的一项法律赋予了御前大臣〔Chancellor〕及社会各阶层某些特定成员开庭审理案件的权力,随后又有一些关于司法委员会方面的法规陆续出台。在休庭期间,枢密院似也处理一些司法事务,1491年御前大臣和枢密院的一些贵族或司法委员会的贵族被授权一年内三次定期开庭处理诉讼事务。16世纪早期枢密院和司法委员会之间的区别趋于明显,到了30年代产生了一种趋势,即司法委员会成员成为一个稳定的团体,且都来自枢密院。1532年詹姆士四世得到教皇资助建立了最高民事法院司法联合会〔College of Justice〕,但它仍长期采用旧司法委员会的形式,一段时间内枢密院的贵族仍可参与民事审判事务。1532年到1808年间该司法联合会没有实质性变化,它是一个统一的法庭,15名法官共同出庭,尽管任何时候都可以有3名法官缺席而到外庭〔Outer House〕督导诉讼的准备阶段,也可以有1/4的法官在撤销法庭〔Bill Chamber〕审批特殊形式的诉讼,但其决定仍须多数通过方为有效。1808年,作为最高民事审判机构的上述联合会分为两个庭,第一分庭由院长〔Lord President〕和7名常任法官〔Lords Ordinary〕组成,第二分庭由副院长〔Lord Justice-Clerk〕和6名常任法官组成。1810年,当时的5名初级法官〔junior judges〕成为常任法官,仅在外庭就座,1825年之后两分庭之内庭〔Inner House〕各留4名法官,其余法官在外庭就座,这一格局一直保留至今,从外庭陞迁到内庭要在缺位时依资历晋陞。最高民事法院继承了先前苏格兰海事法院〔Scottish Court of Admiralty,1450-1830〕、爱丁堡代理主教法院〔Commissary Court of Edinburgh,1563-1836〕、苏格兰财税法院〔Scottish Court of Exchequer,1708-1856〕和陪审法庭〔Jury Court,1815-1830〕的管辖权。最高民事法院法官也可以出席受理教会地产、什一税及选举等事务的专门委员会或法庭,还可以出席最高刑事法院。今天,最高民事法院既有初审管辖权,又有上诉管辖权,除那些明确保留给其它法庭及英格兰高等法院的案件外,常任法官对各种民事案件都有管辖权,他可以独任出庭,亦可由陪审团参与。内庭相当于英格兰的上诉法院,每一分庭的内庭有同等管辖权,各分庭可受理初审案件,但其主要职责还是受理来自常任法官和其它下级法院的上诉案件。内庭可以指令扩大庭或全席庭重新听审某一案件,这一类法庭可推翻极难的先例或在某些难点上作出权威的指导性意见。在某些情况下,不服最高民事法院判决还可向上议院上诉。 (→College of Justice; bill chamber)
doctrine of entireties (en-tI-[schwa]r-teez). In customs law, the rule that when an entry consists of parts that assemble to form an article different from any of the parts, the proper classification will be of the whole article, rather than the individual components.
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