impersonation n. 模仿；假装；冒名顶替 指装扮他人，或假冒或试图假冒某一特定的人(如以他人名义投票或使用他人信用卡)，或有某种权力或资格的人(如假冒警察或医生)。此类行为若为非法目的，其本身即为犯罪；它也常是许多犯罪及某些假权行为的构成要件之一。该词亦称为personation, false impersonation, false personation。尽管该词与false连用可将非法假冒〔unlawful impersonation〕与合法装扮〔lawful impersonation〕区别开来，但在法律语境中论及impersonation时多与违法行为相关，即使缺省了形容词亦如此。上述四词中，impersonation最为常用，且最可能用指非罪行为。在刑事领域，false personation次常用，personation和false impersonation较少用。
calling upon a prisoner 要求在押被告人陈述理由 当依大陪审团起诉书裁定在押被告人有罪时，由法院书记官向其告知并要求其陈述不应对其作出判决的理由。
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A plea in abatement alleging that the plaintiff has a legal disability to sue.
plea to the person of the plaintiff Read More »
wanted person. A person sought by the police because the person has escaped from custody or an arrest warrant has been issued for the person’s arrest.
persona grata (p[schwa]r-soh-n[schwa] gray-t[schwa] orgrah-t[schwa] orgrat-[schwa]), n. [Latin] An acceptable person; esp., a diplomat who is acceptable to a host country. Pl. personae gratae (p[schwa]r-soh-nee gray-tee orgrah-tee orgrat-ee). Cf. PERSONA NON GRATA.
prison n. 监狱 现代监狱的前身是16世纪开始在英国建立的收容教养院〔house of refuge or workhouse〕。其最初的职能是把失业者、流浪者和违法犯罪少年监管起来，组织他们从事生产，学习劳动技能。后经不断发展演变，逐渐形成了现行的监狱制度。英国的监狱隶属于内务大臣，在内务大臣之下设立监狱委员会主管全国狱政。所有监狱官员及视察委员会〔board of visitors〕成员均由内务大臣任命。英国的监狱兼具羁押候审被告人和执行自由刑的双重职能。根据英国监狱法的规定，英国监狱分为地方监狱、已决犯监狱、预防性关押监狱、青少年教养感化院、国立醉徒教养所。美国的监狱分联邦和州两个系统，分别隶属于司法部和各州的司法行政机构。州监狱系统由两部分构成。一类是州监狱〔state prison〕，关押被判1年以上监禁刑的重罪犯；另一类是地方看守所〔local jail〕，关押被判1年以下监禁刑的轻罪犯和等待审判的未决犯。两个世纪以来，美国监狱制度的发展与改革，可以分为三个时期，即隔离悔罪型，如费城制和奥本制；教育改造型，如爱尔密拉制；社区参与型，如监放中心和中间监所两种形式。
stateless person. Int’l law. A natural person who is not considered a national by any country. • The Stateless Persons Convention (1954) provides these people with certain protections and obliges them to abide by the laws of the country where they reside.
A holding company that is subject to special taxes and that usu. has a limited number of shareholders, with most of its revenue originating from passive income such as dividends, interest, rent, and royalties. [Cases: Internal Revenue 3850.1–3858, 4120. C.J.S. Internal Revenue §§ 383–386.]
personal holding company Read More »