peace officer

glossary / peace officer, 治安官

peace officer

〈美〉治安官 指被任命负责维持公共安定和公共秩序的文职官员〔civil officer〕，如行政司法官〔sheriff〕、警官〔police officer〕等。该词有时可能包括审理刑事案件的法官或为特定目的被立法任命为治安官的其他公职人员，如市长〔mayor〕。该词亦称officer of the peace; conservator of the peace。

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peace officer

peace officer. A civil officer (such as a sheriff or police officer) appointed to maintain public tranquility and order; esp.,…

conservators of the peace

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conservators of the peace 〈英〉治安官；治安维持官；太平护卫 其职责在于维持公共秩序的一种官职。它可能基于两种情况而产生：一是因其原有职位包含维持治安的因素而当然享有这种权力，如大法官，王座分庭法官，验尸官，郡长或司法行政官等，直到今天，他们依然是「conservators of the peace」；二是为此目的特别创制而产生。13世纪中期，创设了一种被称为「custodes pacis」的治安官，自1285年起其业务与执行《温切斯特法》〔Statute of Winchester〕有关。起初这类治安官由地方上的地产保有人选举，经国王御准；爱德华三世登基后则由国王来任命。其职责在于维持治安，拘捕、关押并向王室法官控诉各类犯罪的嫌疑人。但他们无权对犯罪嫌疑人进行传讯〔arraign〕和作出审判〔try〕，当1360年议会通过法令授予其这些权力时，他们便转化成了治安法官〔justice of the peace〕，或者说自1360年始，原来的治安官为治安法官所取代。 (→Statute of Winchester; Justices of…