actual force
actual force 实际暴力 用于抢劫中，意指人身暴力〔personal violence〕。但是暴力程度并不重要，只要实施暴力能强迫他人交出财产即构成实际暴力。实际暴力不同于推定的暴力〔constructive force〕，后者包括以武力、威胁、恐吓以及使被害人害怕并不敢自由行使其意志或进行反抗的所有手段。
actual force
actual force
Force consisting in a physical act, esp. a violent act directed against a robbery victim. — Also termed physical force. [Cases: Robbery 6. C.J.S. Robbery §§ 13–23.]