champion n. 士；斗士；勇士；决斗替手 在英格兰古时由决斗裁判解决纠纷，那些教士、婴幼儿、以及超过60岁的老人可以僱请「决斗替手」〔champion〕来代替他进行决斗。随后，僱请决斗替手的权利延及到所有的诉讼当事人。直到1275年的《威斯敏斯特法 Ⅰ》〔Statute of Westminster Ⅰ〕还规定决斗替手需对其委托人案件的真实性发誓，如果证明他虚假宣誓，他将被割去一只手或一条腿。在涉及主教和男修道院院长的案件中，充当决斗替手是辩护律师〔advocatus〕的一部分职责。
champion. Hist. A person chosen to represent a defendant in trial by combat. • If the champion lost, the defendant was adjudged guilty. A champion who survived was fined for intentionally or ignorantly defending an unjust cause; one who died was buried in unhallowed ground. See TRIAL BY COMBAT.