present use
present use (1)〈英〉现实用益权；即时用益权 即期实现的用益权，受1535年《用益法》〔Statute of Uses〕调整。 (→present enjoyment) (2)新用途 指对原有工具的新用法。
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foreseeability
foreseeability, n. The quality of being reasonably anticipatable. • Foreseeability, along with actual causation, is an element of proximate cause in tort law. — foreseeable, adj.
Federal Reserve Bank/FRB
Federal Reserve Bank/FRB 〈美〉联邦储备银行 据1913年《联邦储备法》〔FRA〕设立的金融机构，由12家区域性分支银行组成。有权发行钞票，向银行贷放款项，并监管银行。
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trespass to chattels
The act of committing, without lawful justification, any act of direct physical interference with a chattel possessed by another. • The act must amount to a direct forcible injury. — Also termed trespass to goods; constructive trespass. [Cases: Trespass 5. C.J.S. Trespass § 9.]
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malicious arrest
malicious arrest 非法拘禁；非法逮捕 无合理根据且为不正当目的而进行的拘禁或逮捕，尤指某人通过滥用司法令状〔abuse of process〕在无合理根据的情况下使原告受到拘禁。它可成为滥用令状、非法拘禁〔false imprisonment〕或恶意控告〔malicious prosecution〕之诉的根据。在英国，此种非法拘禁主要发生在民事案件中，但现在极少发生。
performance shares
performance shares. Stock given to an executive when the corporation meets a performance objective.
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social restriction
social restriction. 1. The curtailment of individuals’ liberties ostensibly for the general benefit. 2. A governmental measure that has this effect.
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presale
presale. The sale of real property (such as condominium units) before construction has begun. [Cases: Condominium 4. C.J.S. Estates §§ 201, 207–209, 244.]
oppression
oppression n. (1)(非法行使权力而进行的)压迫；压制 (2)(刑法)滥用职权 公职人员出于不正当目的滥用职权，造成他人伤害的行为。本罪并不包括勒索罪〔extortion〕，后者是一种更为严重的犯罪行为。 (3)(合同法)强迫签订非法合同 依据这种非法合同而支付的金钱或转让的财产，可以通过法律救济而回复。 (→duress; unconscionability) (4)(公司法)压迫 公司的董事会或控股人对少数持股人的不公正对待，尤其是在封闭式公司〔close corporation〕中。 (=shareholder oppression)
trespass
trespass n. (1)(英格兰古法)侵害之诉 英格兰中世纪的一种诉讼形式，指因自己的身体、财产、权利、名誉或人际关系被侵害而索赔的诉讼。巡回初审〔nisi prius〕制度建立起来之后，这种诉讼形式在14世纪才普遍起来。后来又发展出间接侵害之诉〔trespass on the case或简称为case〕的诉讼形式。早期违约之诉是根据侵害之诉来得到救济的。到17世纪末为止，大量的案件受到了从侵害之诉所发展出来的各种诉讼形式的影响。 (2)侵害；侵犯；侵入 在现代法中，trespass有三类：侵害他人财物〔trespass to goods或trespass de bonis asportatis〕、侵犯他人人身〔trespass to the person〕以及侵入他人土地〔trespass to land或trespass quare clausum fregit〕。在苏格兰，这一词只在进占他人土地的意义上运用。