Search Results for: SLAVERY

slavery

slavery n. 奴隶制;蓄奴制 是指一种强制他人劳动并限制其行动自由的制度。奴隶制度与农奴制〔serfdom〕、苦役工制〔corvee labour;statute labor〕、包身工制〔contract labour〕及契约僱佣制相区别。奴隶制在自给自足的农耕社会较为普遍。奴隶的来源主要为战俘、绑架、刑罚以及生而为奴隶、债务、贩卖等。在古希腊与古罗马都建立了奴隶制,古希腊的奴隶无法律上的人格,可被当作财产处分。奴隶也可获释得到自由,但无市民身份,仍依赖其主人。在罗马,奴隶起初亦无法律权利,只是物,但最终获得法律上的人格,并可以从主人处获得财产。奴隶制在公元前2世纪及公元前1世纪在罗马达到顶峰。英国在1772年后禁止蓄奴,在1807年则禁止向英国的殖民地贩卖奴隶,在1833年全面废止所有殖民地的奴隶制。美国的奴隶制始于1619年的弗吉尼亚,随着南方棉花、烟草和蔗糖等种植园经济的发展,奴隶制在这些地区普遍采用。杰斐逊曾在草拟的《独立宣言》〔Declaration of Independence〕中谴责奴隶贸易,但未获通过。北部各州在1787年废除了蓄奴州。1861年南方蓄奴各州从联邦中分离,1863年林肯总统宣布叛乱地区的黑奴获得解放,1865年联邦宪法第十三条修正案正式废止了奴隶制。在现代,《联合国人权宣言》〔U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights〕及《欧洲人权公约》〔European Convention on Human Rights〕都反对奴隶制的存在。

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badge of slavery

badge of slavery. 1. Strictly, a legal disability suffered by a slave, such as the inability to vote or to own property. 2. Broadly, any act of racial discrimination — public or private — that Congress can prohibit under the 13th Amendment. [Cases: Constitutional Law 83(2). C.J.S. Constitutional Law §§ 482–486.]

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white slavery

white slavery. The practice of forcing a female (or, rarely, a male) to engage in commercial prostitution. • Traf-ficking in white slavery is prohibited by the Mann Act (18 USCA §§ 2421–2424). [Cases: Prostitution 1. C.J.S. Prostitution and Related Offenses §§ 2–4, 8–13, 17, 21–24.]

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slavery

slavery. 1. A situation in which one person has absolute power over the life, fortune, and liberty of another. 2. The practice of keeping individuals in such a state of bondage or servitude. • Slavery was outlawed by the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. [Cases: Slaves 1. C.J.S. Peonage § 2.] “Slavery was a

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Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 〈美〉《1787年西北地区法令》 这是邦联国会〔Confederation Congress〕于美国宪法批准前为治理西北地区〔Northwest Territory〕而制定的一项法令。该法令确立的一项基本先例就是美国大陆地区最终可以州〔states〕被承认加入联盟〔Union〕,它也包括一项计划,即如果这些地区到达一定人口且通过了采纳政府共和体制〔Republic form of Government〕的宪法,就可申请成为州。同时,该法令也是包含具体权利以限制政府权力的第一项国家法律,它包括有《权利法案》〔Bill of Rights〕中诸多相似规定,如由陪审团审判,禁止酷刑和非常刑〔unusual punishment〕等;它也有包括合同条款〔Contract Clause〕的前身以及禁止该地区及其由此形成的州蓄奴〔slavery〕和非自愿奴役存在的规定。

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black codes

black codes. (usu. cap.) Hist. 1. Antebellum state laws enacted to regulate slavery. 2. Laws enacted shortly after the Civil War in the ex-Confederate states to restrict the liberties of the newly freed slaves to ensure a supply of inexpensive agricultural labor and to maintain white supremacy. “Clearly, leaders of the old South who survived

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capitis deminutio

capitis deminutio (kap-i-tis dem-i-n[y]oo-shee-oh). [Latin “reduction of status”] Roman law. A diminution or alteration of a person’s legal status. — Also spelled capitis diminutio. See DE CAPITE MINUTIS. “Capitis deminutio is the destruction of the ‘caput’ or legal personality. Capitis deminutio, so to speak, wipes out the former individual and puts a new one in

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code noir

Code Noir (kohd nwahr). [French “black code”] Hist. A body of laws issued by Louis XIV and applied in French colonies. • The Code regulated slavery and banned Jews and non-Catholic religious practices from the colonies.

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