Noerr-Pennington doctrine
〈美〉努艾尔-本宁顿规则 是指来自最高法院的东部铁路主管联席会诉努艾尔汽运公司〔Eastern R.R.President Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.〕和联合采矿工人诉本宁顿〔United Mine Workers v.Pennington〕两个判例中确立的规则。该规则认为鼓动立法或实施法律的联合行动不构成违反反托拉斯法。前一个案件涉及铁路系统游说州的立法机关和行政机关采取抑制其竞争者——从事长途货运业务的汽车运输公司的运动，法院认为尽管铁路系统要求政府采取行动的动机是为了减少来自汽车运输业的竞争的事实存在，但其游说并没有违背《谢尔曼法》〔Sherman Act〕，因为游说向政府提供了制定合理政策的必要信息；同时，对游说进行限制可能会侵犯宪法第一条修正案所保护的言论自由权。在第二个案件中，法院认为，影响行政机关的相似努力也不构成违反《谢尔曼法》，即使其中包括了欺骗或虚伪供述这样不道德的行为。近来在加州汽车运输公司诉卡车无限公司一案中〔California Motor Transport Company v.Trucking Unlimited〕，法院发展了该原则，认为影响管理机构如州际商业委员会〔Interstate Commerce Commission〕的行为也是合法的。
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