first lien
A lien that takes priority over all other charges or encumbrances on the same property and that must be satisfied before other charges may share in proceeds from the property’s sale.
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first to file system
first-to-file system. Patents. The practice of granting priority to the first person to file a patent application. • Most of the world uses a first-to-file patent system; the only major exception is the United States, which grants priority to the first inventor. Cf. FIRST-TO-INVENT SYSTEM. [Cases: Patents 90(1). C.J.S. Patents §§ 120–122.]
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first-class mail
first-class mail 〈美〉一类邮件 在美国，普通邮件〔general mail〕分为四类：一类邮件为书信和其他书面材料；二类邮件为报纸和杂志；三类邮件为书籍和小册子等；四类邮件为商品(包括农产品与工业品)。与普通邮件相对的则为挂号邮件〔registered mail〕。
right of first refusal
right of first refusal. A potential buyer’s contractual right to meet the terms of a third party’s higher offer. • For example, if Beth has a right of first refusal on the purchase of Sam’s house, and if Terry offers to buy the house for $300,000, then Beth can match this offer and prevent Terry
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first inventor defense
first-inventor defense. Patents. In a suit alleging infringement of a business-method patent, a statutory affirmative defense made out by showing that the defendant was using the business method commercially for at least a year before the plaintiff filed the patent application. • The First Inventor Defense Act of 1999 is codified at 35 USCA §
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courts of fairs and boroughs
courts of fairs and boroughs 定期集市与自治市法庭 在中世纪，设立定期集市及收取费用是由国王授予的特许权，其附属权利是设立一种法庭。这类法庭逐渐被称为「泥足法庭」〔court of piepowder〕，因为在集市间流动的商贩常脚上带泥进出法庭。如果集市主人为个人，则法庭由集市主人或其管家主持，如果集市由自治市举办，则法庭由市长或市政官〔bailiffs〕主持。在13世纪和14世纪，无论法庭由何人主持，法官均由参加集市的商人充任。法庭管辖除与土地有关的及诉至国王的案件外的全部案件，包括契约、侵犯、轻微犯罪等。法庭在集市期间开庭，采用简易程序，执行商业习惯法。15世纪后期，泥足法庭重要性开始降低，16、17世纪时逐渐衰落、消失。
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statement of financial affairs
statement of financial affairs. Bankruptcy. A document that an individual or corporate debtor must file to answer questions about its past and present financial status, including any previous bankruptcy, the location of any current accounts, and its recent or current debt. — Also termed statement of affairs. [Cases: Bankruptcy 2321. C.J.S. Bankruptcy § 44.]
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first in first out
first-in, first-out. An accounting method that assumes that goods are sold in the order in which they were purchased — that is, the oldest items are sold first. — Abbr. FIFO. Cf. LAST-IN, FIRST-OUT; NEXT-IN, FIRST-OUT.
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