administrative adjudication. The process used by an administrative agency to issue regulations through an adversary proceeding. Cf. RULEMAKING. [Cases: Administrative Law and Procedure 441–513. C.J.S. Public Administrative Law and Procedure §§ 87, 115–171.]
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substantial-capacity test. Criminal law. The Model Penal Code’s test for the insanity defense, stating that a person is not criminally responsible for an act if, as a result of a mental disease or defect, the person lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of the conduct or to conform the conduct to the law.
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chain certificate method 〈美〉连锁确认法 指根据《联邦民事诉讼规则》〔Federal Rules of Civil Procedure〕第44条的规定，对外国官方文件的确认方法。即对于最初证明该文件的外国官员，其签名的真实性及其职位由一比其级别更高的官员来确认，依此类推，直至作出最终确认。
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fictitious promise 虚拟的允诺 有时又称「默示允诺」〔implied promise〕或「法所默示之允诺」〔promise implied in law〕，意在便于特定情形的当事人对合同特有的古老书状规则〔old rules of pleading〕加以利用。现已无实际意义。
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legalism, n. 1. Formalism carried almost to the point of meaninglessness; an inclination to exalt the importance of law or formulated rules in any area of action. “What is legalism? It is the ethical attitude that holds moral conduct to be a matter of rule following, and moral relationships to consist of duties and rights
Pierringer release. A release agreement in which the plaintiff releases a codefendant but reserves the right to proceed against the other defendants. • Under this release, the plaintiff agrees to reduce the claim against the remaining defendants by the amount of consideration paid for the release. The term derives from Pierringer v. Hoger, 124 N.W.2d
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duplicate n. (1)原件复本 指用一定的技术手段作成的与原件内容完全相同，而且通常是与原件同时作成的原件的复本。在原件丢失或毁损时，该复本可以替代原件作证据之用，与原件具有同样的法律地位和效力。因此，在这个意义上，它与duplicate original同义。在用作证据方面，它与纯粹的副本〔copy〕不同，后者适用最佳证据规则〔best evidence rule〕，而duplicate不适用。 (2) 〈英〉御前大臣〔Lord Chancellor〕颁发的第二份公开令状〔letters patent〕 (3)抄本；摹本；配对物
doctrine of scrivener’s error. A rule permitting a typographical error in a document to be reformed by parol evidence, if the evidence is precise, clear, and convincing. See clerical error under ERROR(2). [Cases: Reformation of Instruments 17(2). C.J.S. Reformation of Instruments § 25.]
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qualified domestic-relations order. A state-court order or judgment that relates to alimony, child support, or some other state domestic-relations matter and that (1) recognizes or provides for an alternate payee’s right to receive all or part of any benefits due a participant under a pension, profit-sharing, or other retirement benefit plan, (2) otherwise satisfies §
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commorientes (k[schwa]-mor-ee-en-teez). [fr. Latin commorior “to die together”] 1. (pl.) Persons who die at the same time, often of the same cause, such as spouses who die in an accident. [Cases: Death 5. C.J.S. Death §§ 6, 15.] 2. Civil law. The rule establishing presumptions of survivorship for purposes of succession regarding such persons. See