tutor, n. 1. One who teaches; esp., a private instructor. Pl. tutors. 2. Roman & civil law. A guardian of a minor; a person appointed to have the care of the minor’s person and estate. • The guardian of a minor past the age of puberty is called a curator and has duties somewhat different […]
narrator (na-ray-tor or na-ray-t[schwa]r), n. [Law Latin] Hist. A pleader or counter; a person who prepares pleadings (i.e., narrs). • For example, a serjeant-at-law was also known as serviens narrator. Pl. narratores (na-r[ schwa]-tor-eez). “The Latin narrator and its French equivalent contour became technical terms. If an English term was in use, it was perhaps
per capita (p[schwa]r kap-i-t[schwa]), adj. [Latin “by the head”] 1. Divided equally among all individuals, usu. in the same class (the court will distribute the property to the descendants on a per capita basis). Cf. PER STIRPES . [Cases: Descent and Distribution 43; Wills 530. C.J.S. Descent and Distribution §§ 27–28; Wills §§ 1015–1016.] “Per
church rates. Hist. Eccles. law. A tax levied on parishioners by churchwardens and other representatives of the parish to raise funds for the repair and maintenance of the parish church. • The power to set and collect such taxes was abolished in England in 1868.
Depreciation that results from the replacement of equipment that is not yet worn out, but that is obsolete in light of a new invention or improved machinery allowing more efficient and satisfactory production.
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drummer. 1. A commercial agent who travels around taking orders for goods to be shipped from wholesale merchants to retail dealers; a traveling sales representative. 2. A traveling salesperson. [Cases: Licenses 15(6).]
Parliamentary law. 1. A deliberative assembly’s presiding officer [the chair calls for order]. See PRESIDE. 2. The presiding officer’s seat [take the chair].3. The officer who heads an organization [the treasurer reports directly to the chair]. — Also termed chairman (of a male chair, in senses 1 & 3); chairwoman (of a female chair, in
vice (vIs), n. 1. A moral failing; an ethical fault. 2. Wickedness; corruption. 3. Broadly, any defect or failing. vice (vI-see orvI-s[schwa]), prep. In the place of; in the stead of. • As a prefix, vice- (vIs) denotes one who takes the place of.
Midwest Piping rule. Labor law. The doctrine that an employer may not recognize multiple unions during a period in which there are conflicting claims of representation. Midwest Piping & Supply Co., 63 NLRB Dec. (CCH) 1060 (1945).
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Annotated Editions of the United States Code 美国法典注释版 《美国法典》〔U.S.C.〕是由官方出版机构出版和发行的，其出版通常较慢，尤其在发行补编的情况下，往往要到国会会期结束若干个月以后才能得到；而且，立法机关通过的法律其含义并不总是很清楚，法律所使用的文字也必须经常得到法院的解释。因此，经常获得对制定法作出解释的法院判决变得同获得制定法文本同样重要，由此导致了法典注释的出版。官方版《美国法典》的注释，是由私人出版机构来完成的。最着名的法典注释有两套：一套是《美国法典注释》〔United States Code Annotated/U.S.C.A.〕，由韦氏出版公司〔West Publishing Company〕出版。除了相关的判例注释外，法典每节〔code section〕下边的注释还与韦氏公司的其他出版物相互参考，并经常注明附加判例的主题〔topic〕及其钥匙号〔key numbers〕。此外，每年都出版平装本的多卷本索引，且每一标题都有自己的索引。另一套是《美国法典服务》〔United States Code Service/U.S.C.S.〕，由律师合作出版公司和班克罗夫特-惠特尼公司出版，为其总客户服务图书馆〔Total Client-Service Library〕的一个单元〔unit〕。它包括一个多卷本的索引和一个两卷本的《美国法典指南》〔United States Code Guide〕，《指南》按照《美国法典》的引文〔citation〕排列，并标明法典每节下边的哪些事项在总客户服务图书馆的其他单元中讨论。此外，还有未编号的四卷本收录了联邦行政机关的程序规则，第四卷则收录了《世界版权公约》〔Universal Copyright Convention〕、《执行外国仲裁裁决公约》〔Convention on Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards〕和《华沙公约》〔Warsaw Convention〕的文本。两套法典注释都包含了《美国法典》的原文，以及曾引用法典或对法典进行解释的判决摘要。它们都通过发行年度插袋式补编、每月出版一次小册子，或在必要时发行替代卷本，使注释得到及时更新。U.S.C.A.的注释内容比U.S.C.S.要多，U.S.C.S.经常交叉参考《美国判例汇编(联邦)》〔A.L.R.Fed.〕或《美国最高法院判例集律师版》〔Lawyers’ Edition of the United States Reports〕中的注释，而替代自己提供注释。较之U.S.C.，两套注释使用方便，更为通用和便于检索。由于U.S.C.中只有部分标题经国会重新制定为法律，而U.S.C.A.即使用U.S.C.中的法律文本，U.S.C.S.则使用《制定法大全》〔Statutes at Large〕中的文本，因此，在使用U.S.C.A.时，对那些仍未经国会重新制定为法律的标题，在必要时应与《制定法大全》中的文本相对照。
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