Uniform Prudent Investor Act. A 1994 model statute that sets a standard for the acts of a trustee, adopts a prudent-investor standard, and prefers a modern portfolio approach to investing. • Under the Uniform Prudent Investor Act, the trustee is given significant power to delegate the selection of investments. The prudent-investor standard replaces the prudent-person […]
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in proximo gradu (in prok-s[schwa]-moh gray-d[y]oo). [Latin] Roman law. In the nearest degree. • The phrase appeared in reference to a child’s relationship to the father or to a grandchild’s relation to a grandfather if the grandchild represented his or her deceased father. See PER STIRPES.
A system in which each voter may cast one vote per representative being elected, and a simple majority is required for election. [Cases: Corporations 283(2). C.J.S. Corporations §§ 373, 439–442.]
restrictive voting (1)限制性投票 指局限于少于当选职位候选人的选举。如拟选举产生五名市政法院法官，设置限制条件以保证有少数派代表〔minority representation〕。 (2)(=single shot)
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syndicus (sin-di-k[schwa]s), n. [Latin “advocate” fr. Greek syn- “with” + dike “lawsuit”] Roman law. One chosen (by a corporate body such as a municipality, college, etc.) to represent it at law. See SYNDIC.
amende honorable ([schwa]-mend on-[schwa]-r[schwa]-b[schwa]l or a-mawnd on-[schwa]-rah-b[schwa]l). [French “honorable reparation”] Hist. A formal reparation for an offense or injury, done by making an open and usu. humiliating acknowledgment and apology so as to restore the victim’s honor. • This apology could be accomplished, for example, by walking into church with a rope around the neck
biological material. Patents. Patentable microorganisms — such as bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses — that are capable of self-replication. • To satisfy the Patent Act’s enablement requirement, biological material that is the subject of a U.S. patent application must be deposited in an appropriate cell depository before the patent is granted. [Cases: Patents 14.
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plagiarism. The deliberate and knowing presentation of another person’s original ideas or creative expressions as one’s own. • Generally, plagiarism is immoral but not illegal. If the expression’s creator gives unrestricted permission for its use and the user claims the expression as original, the user commits plagiarism but does not violate copyright laws. If the
pleading n. (1)诉讼文件；诉状 诉讼当事人交替向法庭及对方提交的书面文件，以提出诉讼请求、陈述诉讼理由或进行答辩。旧时普通法诉讼中的诉状包括原告的起诉状〔declaration〕、被告的答辩状〔plea〕、原告的答辩状〔replication〕、被告的次轮答辩状〔rejoinder〕、原告的次轮答辩状〔surrejoinder〕、被告的三轮答辩状〔rebutter〕、原告的三轮答辩状〔surrebutter〕。衡平法诉讼中的诉状包括原告的起诉状〔bill of complaint〕、被告的各种答辩状〔demurrer, plea, answer or disclaimer〕或其混合形式、原告的答辩状〔replication〕等。目前在英国高等法院的诉讼程序中，起诉状、被告答辩状及原告答辩状分别称为statement of claim, statement of defence和reply，其后的诉状仍旧沿用普通法诉讼中的名称。在美国，普通法上严格的诉状体系已大大得到简化，其作用也已大大降低，对事实及争议点的限定通过披露程序〔discovery〕及审前会议〔pretrial conference〕完成。根据《联邦民事诉讼程序规则》〔Federal Rules of Civil Procedure〕，诉状包括起诉状〔complaint〕、答辩状〔answer〕、反诉答辩状〔reply to a counterclaim〕、交叉诉讼答辩状〔answer to a cross-claim〕、第三方起诉状〔third party complaint〕及第三方答辩状〔third party answer〕。在诉讼过程中提交或使用的申请书〔motions〕、律师辩论意见书〔briefs〕、宣誓书〔affidavits〕等属于广泛意义上的法庭文件〔court papers〕，而不属于诉状。 (2)诉答；诉答程序确定和缩小诉讼争点〔issues〕范围的程序，当事人在此阶段通过提交正式书状来阐明其各自的主张。 (3)诉答规则 规范和调整原告起诉和被告答辩的法律规则。 (4)撰写诉状的技巧；辩护术
majestas (m[schwa]-jes-tas), n. [Latin “supreme power”] Roman law. 1. The majesty, sovereign authority, or supreme prerogative of the state or sovereign; the supreme power of the people, esp. as represented by their highest representatives, the consuls, or the emperor. 2. The crime of treason. See crimen majestatis under CRIMEN. “Majestas…. From being an attribute of