a villa
a villa 从某个村庄;来自某个村庄
Dillon’s rule. The doctrine that a unit of local government may exercise only those powers that the state expressly grants to it, the powers necessarily and fairly implied from that grant, and the powers that are indispensable to the existence of the unit of local government. • For the origins of this rule, see 1
bill of discovery 请求披露诉状 衡平法诉讼中,一方当事人为要求对方披露其所知道的事实,或者其所掌握的有关契据、文书或其他物品等而提出的诉状。现在美国采用《联邦民事诉讼规则》〔F.R.C.P〕的司法区,该诉状已为有关的披露规则所取代。
A bill of lading by which a carrier agrees to transport goods to a designated destination, even though the carrier will have to use a connecting carrier for part of the passage. UCC § 7-302. — Often shortened to through bill. [Cases: Carriers 51. C.J.S. Carriers § 390.]
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scintilla juris 〈拉〉瞬息占有;权利的「火花」 一种用以解释授予附条件用益权〔contingent uses〕时用益受封人〔feoffee to uses〕权利地位的理论。例如为了乙及其继承人的用益而将地产权转让于甲及其继承人,即用益受封人,并且当特定事件发生时,用益权再转归丙及其继承人,这时,根据《用益权法》〔Statute of Uses〕,对土地的占有〔seisin〕——这是一种普通法上的权利——和用益全都应转归乙及其继承人,甲事实上已不享有这种权利。但现在的问题是当该特定事件发生、丙及其继承人取得用益权时,是谁为了丙的用益权而占有土地呢 (1)这种理论认为该特定事件发生时,对土地的原始占有〔original seisin〕复归于乙,这样就使其可以为丙及其继承人的用益而占有土地。此时乙即享有瞬息占有或权利的「火花」〔scintilla juris〕。这实际上是指一种将来的附条件的用益权〔contingent uses〕在受到一种可执行的用益权〔executory uses〕限制时,尽管用益受封人的权利已因前一用益权的执行而几近消灭,但对他来说仍存在一种占有的可能性或是所谓的权利的「火花」,以使将来的附条件用益权或其它可执行用益权在条件成就时能够发生。此理论曾在英格兰为判例所反对,后又被1860年《财产法修正案》〔Law of Property Amendment Act〕废除。 (=scintilla iuris)
bill of rights. 1. (usu. cap.) A section or addendum, usu. in a constitution, defining the situations in which a politically organized society will permit free, spontaneous, and individual activity, and guaranteeing that governmental powers will not be used in certain ways; esp., the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. [Cases: Constitutional Law 82(2).
willful, deliberate and premeditated 故意的,蓄意的和预谋的 美国的许多司法区都用此标准来区分一级谋杀和二级谋杀,但《模范刑法典》却反对这种观点。
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tread-mill n. 踩踏车 英国1779年被确认合法、19世纪20年代盛行的监狱中惩罚囚犯的带有阶梯的轮式或筒式刑具,多为水平直轴,曾一度被曲柄轴代替。囚犯被固定于一横杆上,全身重量落于阶梯上,随着踩踏阶梯而驱动该车运动,这种刑罚方式的目的在于加重囚犯劳动强度,被刑罚改革者认为是代替死刑的切实可靠的方法。1898年《监狱法》〔Prison Act〕明确规定停止使用。