alpha testing. Intellectual property. The first phase of operational experimenting with a software program before the program’s production release, usu. at the developer’s site. • Often, alpha testing involves only modular or component testing and not system testing. Alpha testing is usu. followed by beta testing, in which the entire system is tested at a […]
L’Association Litteraire et Artistique Internationale. Copyright. An organization of authors, artists, and other supporters of international copyright protection. • In 1878, the Association drafted five resolutions that would become the starting point for the Berne Convention. In 1883, the organization called the first meeting in Berne, Switzerland for the purpose of creating a union to
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freedom of expression. The freedom of speech, press, assembly, or religion as guaranteed by the First Amendment; the prohibition of governmental interference with those freedoms. Cf. FREEDOM OF SPEECH. [Cases: Constitutional Law 84, 90, 91. C.J.S. Constitutional Law §§ 461–462, 466, 513–517, 539, 542, 612–629.]
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Confirmatio Chartarum (kon-f[schwa]r-may-shee-oh kahr-tair-[schwa]m). [Latin “confirmation of the charters”] Hist. A declaration first made by Henry III in 1225 confirming the guarantees of Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest. • It was not enrolled until 1297, when, during the reign of Edward I, it was enacted, thus introducing these charters into the common
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capitulary (k[schwa]-pich-[schwa]-ler-ee). [Latin “chapter or section (of a code)”] 1. Any orderly and systematic collection or code of laws. See CAPITULA(1). 2. Hist. A law or series of laws enacted by a Frankish king, esp. Charlemagne, dealing esp. with ecclesiastical affairs.
Brehon law (bree-h[schwa]n law). Hist. The ancient system of law in Ireland at the time of its conquest by Henry II. • This law was formally abolished in 1366. — Sometimes spelled Brehon Law. “[T]he Irish were governed by what they called the Brehon law, so stiled from the Irish name of judges, who were
occupatio (ok-y[schwa]-pay-shee-oh), n. Roman law. A mode of acquisition by which a person obtains absolute title by first possessing a thing that previously belonged to no one, such as a wild bird or pearls on the shore. Cf. RULE OF CAPTURE(2).
manufacture, n. Patents. A thing that is made or built by a human being, as distinguished from something that is a product of nature; esp. any material form produced by a machine from an unshaped composition of matter. • Manufactures are one of the statutory categories of inventions that can be patented. Examples of manufactures
lease for life. Hist. A lease of land for the duration of a specified number of lives instead of for a specified term of years. • Unlike a tenant for a term of years, a lessee for life could recover the land if dispossessed. “The rent payable was usually fairly small, but a fine was
fighting words. 1. Inflammatory speech that might not be protected by the First Amendment’s free-speech guarantee because it might incite a violent response. [Cases: Constitutional Law 90.1(1); Disorderly Conduct 1. C.J.S. Constitutional Law §§ 461, 501–503, 539–543, 548–554, 561, 565, 572, 582–584, 603–605, 608, 610; Disorderly Conduct§§ 2–5.] 2. Inflammatory speech that is pleadable in