competition. The struggle for commercial advantage; the effort or action of two or more commercial interests to obtain the same business from third parties. fair competition. Open, equitable, and just competition between business competitors. horizontal competition. Competition between a seller and its competitors. • The Sherman Act prohibits unrea-sonable restraints on horizontal competition, such as […]
A long-term (usu. 99-year) lease of land only. • Such a lease typically involves commercial property, and any improvements built by the lessee usu. revert to the lessor. — Also termed ground-rent lease; land lease. [Cases: Estates in Property 13. C.J.S. Estates §§ 159–192.]
tamper, vb. 1. To meddle so as to alter (a thing); esp., to make changes that are illegal, corrupting, or perverting. 2. To interfere improperly; to meddle.
usus (yoo-s[schwa]s oryoo-z[schwa]s), n. [Latin “use”] Roman law. 1. The right to use another’s property, without the right to the produce (fructus) of the thing. • Usus was a personal servitude; it gave the holder a right in rem. Cf. USUFRUCT. “It is essentially a fraction of a usufruct, usus without the fructus. In strictness,
Statute of Uses. Hist. An English statute of 1535 that converted the equitable title held by a cestui que use (i.e., a beneficiary) to a legal one in order to make the cestui que use liable for feudal dues, as only a legal owner (the feoffee to uses) could be. • This statute was the
state paper. 1. A document prepared by or relating to a state or national government and affecting the administration of that government in its political or international relations. 2. A newspaper officially designated for the publication of public statutes, resolutions, notices, and advertisements. [Cases: Newspapers 1–7. C.J.S. Newspapers §§ 2–29.]
add-on clause. An installment-contract provision that converts earlier purchases into security for new purchases. [Cases: Secured Transactions 114, 146. C.J.S. Secured Transactions §§ 10, 83, 103–105.]
intercept, n. Family law. A mechanism by which a portion of an obligor’s unemployment benefits, disability income, income-tax refund, or lottery winnings is automatically diverted to a child-support-enforcement agency to satisfy past-due support obligations. intercept, vb. 1. To divert (money) from a payee to satisfy a financial obligation of the payee. 2. To covertly receive
担保 英语：guarantee (noun) 法语：garantie, aval, caution 德语：Gewährleistung, Garantievertrag, Bürgschaft 意大利语：garanzia 西班牙语：garantía, fianza
An asset that is difficult to convert into cash because of court order or other legal process.