severance, n. 1. The act of cutting off; the state of being cut off. 2. Civil procedure. The separation of claims, by the court, of multiple parties either to permit separate actions on each claim or to allow certain interlocutory orders to become final. — Also termed severance of actions; severance of claims. See bifurcated […]
A trust in which the estates and interests in the subject matter of the trust are completely limited and defined by the instrument creating the trust and require no further instruments to complete them. — Also termed complete voluntary trust.[Cases: Trusts 114. C.J.S. Trover and Conversion § 215.]
An execution authorizing an officer to seize and hold property rather than sell it, until further notice. [Cases: Execution 15, 149. C.J.S. Executions §§ 18, 128–129.]
sed quaere (sed kweer-ee). [Latin] But inquire; examine this further. • This remark indicates that the correctness of a particular statement is challenged.
The more contemporary form of retributivism, which maintains that no one should be punished in the absence of guilt and culpability (that is, unless punishment is deserved), and that a judge may absolve the offender from punishment, wholly or partially, when doing so would further societal goals such as rehabilitation or deterrence.
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foundation. 1. The basis on which something is supported; esp., evidence or testimony that establishes the admissibility of other evidence (laying the foundation). [Cases: Evidence 117, 366–381. C.J.S. Evidence §§ 208, 819–822, 824–833, 870–878, 881, 884, 889, 917–919, 932–933, 935–939, 949, 957, 959–962, 964, 976, 982–983, 986, 992–994, 998, 1000, 1002–1006, 1008, 1010–1022, 1026–1034.] 2.
Employee Retirement Income Security Act. A federal statute that regulates private pension plans and employee benefit plans and that established the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.29 USCA §§ 1001 et seq. — Abbr. ERISA. [Cases: Pensions 21–23. C.J.S. Insurance § 34; Pensions and Retirement Plans and Benefits §§ 7–10.] “ERISA was adopted in 1974 in response
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impasse (im-pas). A point in labor negotiations at which agreement cannot be reached. • A neutral third party (such as a mediator) is often called in to help resolve an impasse. “Not only is the employer free after impasse to implement changes already offered to the union, but either party is free after impasse to
without recourse. (In an indorsement) without liability to subsequent holders. • With this stipulation, one who indorses an instrument indicates that he or she has no further liability to any subsequent holder for payment. — Also termed sans recours. [Cases: Bills and Notes 293. C.J.S. Bills and Notes; Letters of Credit§ 160.]
Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti 〈美〉萨柯-梵则蒂案 两个意大利移民——尼古拉·萨柯〔Nicola Sacco〕和巴托洛米奥·梵则蒂〔Bartolomeo Vanzetti〕受雇于马萨诸塞州的一鞋厂，并各自做鱼肉生意。两人被控于1920年4月15日谋杀了该鞋厂的出纳员和门卫，并抢走16 000美元。尽管他们申辩自己无辜，但仍被认定有罪，其复审请求也被驳回。但在1925年，一个被判罪的刑事犯所作的供认以及在1926年发现的更多证据都支持这样一种观点：这起抢劫杀人案系来自罗德艾兰州普罗维登斯〔Providence, R.I.〕的职业盗匪所为。舆论要求重审此案，在此情况下，马萨诸塞州州长任命了一个顾问委员会复审该案。州长和委员会一致认为审判是公正的，被告有罪。1927年8月27日，他们被执行电刑。此案后来成为一个国际上着名的案例。有些批评称之为美国司法的扭曲。当时的哈佛大学法学教授、后来的美国最高法院大法官菲利克斯·弗兰克福特〔F.Frankfurter〕认为，被告没有得到公正的审判。许多人感到，萨柯和梵则蒂之所以被判有罪，乃是由于他们不受欢迎的政治信念，因他们在1917-1918年间曾逃避兵役，并且被认为与无政府主义和社会主义有关。这些都使当局对他们怀有偏见。
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