standard of proof
standard of proof 证明标准 在某一类案件或某一特定案件中要求负有证明责任的一方提供证据进行证明应达到的程度。如刑事案件中控诉方对被告人有罪的证明需达到「排除合理怀疑」〔beyond a reasonable doubt〕的程度;大多数民事案件中的证明要求达到「相当的证据优势」〔fair preponderance of the evidence〕的程度。
standard of proof 证明标准 在某一类案件或某一特定案件中要求负有证明责任的一方提供证据进行证明应达到的程度。如刑事案件中控诉方对被告人有罪的证明需达到「排除合理怀疑」〔beyond a reasonable doubt〕的程度;大多数民事案件中的证明要求达到「相当的证据优势」〔fair preponderance of the evidence〕的程度。
burden of persuasion. A party’s duty to convince the fact-finder to view the facts in a way that favors that party. • In civil cases, the plaintiff’s burden is usu. “by a preponderance of the evidence,” while in criminal cases the prosecution’s burden is “beyond a reasonable doubt.” — Also termed persuasion burden; risk of
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burden of proof 证明责任 指当事人为避免不利于己的裁判而提出证据证明其主张的事实并说服事实认定者〔trier of fact〕确信其主张的责任。证据法上的一般规则是提出肯定性主张的一方负证明责任,即「谁主张,谁举证」。所以,在诉讼中证明责任通常首先由原告或控告人〔prosecutor〕承担,但当其提出了充分证据能够证明其主张成立,即确立了表面案件〔prima facie case〕时,证明责任即转移给另一方,但是在刑事诉讼中由于实行无罪推定〔presumption of innocence〕原则,证明被告人有罪的责任由公诉方承担,被告人不承担证明自己有罪或无罪的责任,但就某些事实或主张,被告人仍承担证明责任,如被告人主张自己精神不正常等。在英美证据法理论上,通常认为证明责任包含两个概念,其一为「举证责任」〔burden of going forward with evidence or burden of producing evidence〕,即当事人就自己主张的事实应提供充分证据予以证明的责任。该责任在诉讼过程中可在当事人之间来回转移;其二为「说服责任」〔burden of persuasion〕,即当事人说服事实认定者确信其所提证据指向的事实为真实的责任。依传统观点,说服责任在诉讼的任一阶段都不会由当事人一方转移给另一方。承担证明责任的一方对其主张的证明还必须达到法定的标准,才可使自己免受不利裁判。在不同的案件中该标准也不同。在大多数民事案件中及对某些刑事辩护主张(如精神不正常〔insanity〕),适用「证据优势」〔preponderance of the evidence〕的标准;在某些民事案件(如关于民事欺诈〔civil fraud〕)中,适用「清楚而令人信服的证明」〔clear and convincing proof〕的标准;而在刑事案件中对被告人有罪的证明则必须达到「排除合理怀疑」〔beyond a reasonable doubt〕的程度。
Evidence establishing the fact in dispute by a preponderance of the evidence. [Cases: Evidence 99. C.J.S. Evidence §§ 2–5, 197–199, 204, 206.]
standard of proof. The degree or level of proof demanded in a specific case, such as “beyond a reasonable doubt” or “by a preponderance of the evidence.” See BURDEN OF PERSUASION. [Cases: Criminal Law 560; Evidence 596. C.J.S. Criminal Law § 1108; Evidence §§ 1299, 1304–1306, 1308, 1310–1311, 1315–1317.]
fundamental-miscarriage-of-justice exception. The doctrine allowing a federal court in a habeas corpus proceeding to address a claim of constitutional error that, although ordinarily unreviewable, is subject to review because of a state-court procedural default that rendered the proceedings basically unfair. • For the exception to apply, among other things, the petitioner must show by a
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An instruction requiring a jury to find for one party and against the other if the jury determines that, based on a preponderance of the evidence, a given set of facts exists. — Also termed binding instruction. [Cases: Trial 234(3, 4), 253. C.J.S. Trial §§ 625–626, 672.]
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satisfaction of the jury 使陪审团确信;使陪审团无合理的怀疑 对某一事实的证明要达到使陪审团确信的程度,意指必须使陪审团确信该事实的存在,使其相信根据人类的一般观念,对该事实的证明已无可疑之处。要使陪审团确信争议事实的真实性通常较证据优势〔preponderance of evidence〕的要求为高,必须为此提供清楚的、令人信服的证据〔clear and convincing evidence〕。
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full proof 充分的证明;完全的证明;无合理怀疑的证明 1在大陆法中,指由两个证人或一个公文书提供的证明;2指证据对案件事实的证明达到了使陪审团对待证事实的真实性无任何合理怀疑的程度。它高于民事诉讼中通常所要求的「证据优势」〔preponderance of evidence〕的证明程度。
mandatory instruction (对陪审团的)命令性指示 指法官指示陪审团,如果他们根据证据优势〔preponderance of evidence〕裁断一系列的事实存在,则他们还必须裁断当事人哪一方胜诉,哪一方败诉。
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